Hot air balloon Dubai desert romance

Hot air balloon Dubai desert romance

Hot air balloon Dubai sky calm

Before the sun climbs the spine of the dunes, before the highways of Dubai flicker fully awake, the desert holds its breath. Out there, under a sky still bruised with night, a patch of sand becomes a small village of quiet industry. Men in windbreakers unfurl a sleeping rainbow of fabric. Steel burners cough, then roar. A balloon swells like a promise. Hot air balloon Dubai exclusive tour . You stand with someone you love and feel the temperature of the morning in your bones-cool air against your face, the sudden kiss of heat when the flame arcs upward, the tiny electric hum of anticipation that runs down your arms.


Cities often advertise romance with chandeliers and velvet ropes, with soft lighting and manicured views. Dubai can do that with effortless extravagance. But here, on the city's far shoulder where the streetlights dim and the dunes begin, romance means stepping into a wicker basket in the half-light, trusting the buoyancy of air and the direction of a wind you cannot see. It means your hand finding another's as the ground slides away, as gravity loosens its grip, as the earth arranges itself into a quiet map beneath you.


Takeoff is so gentle it almost feels like memory. One moment you are at eye level with a coil of rope and a man in a red cap.

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The next, you are ten meters up, then fifty, then a hundred, the crew below now a handful of dots waving their arms like punctuation marks to a sentence that has already lifted off the page. The balloon's shadow coins the sand. The flame sighs. Between those breaths of fire there is a spacious, brimming silence-the sort of hush that makes you aware of your own heartbeat and of the other person's breath beside you. It is a silence dense with presence.


From up here, the desert knits itself into one living thing. Dunes ripple like muscle under skin. Their ridges, combed by wind, are delicate as the backs of sleeping animals. The early sun, climbing at the pace of a careful confession, paints everything in saffron and rose. Far off, the Hajar Mountains lie along the horizon like a blue rib, and beyond them, you know, is another country. Closer, a caravan of camels pricks a dark line across a pale valley. An oryx stands thrown in soft white and horned shadow, a exclamation in a landscape of murmurs. Footprints-fox, beetle, human-write short stories that the next gust will erase. You look down and feel no fear, only an odd tenderness for the whole fragile sand-and-light arrangement of it.


Romance in the desert is not a perfume ad; it is not all dramatic gestures and posed silhouettes. It's practical and quiet and surprising. It is the way you share a thermos of mint tea, the way one of you tucks a scarf tighter around the other's neck when the high air stays cool despite the rising sun. It is the steadying palm on a shoulder when the basket tilts a little to navigate a gust, and the quick, unguarded laugh that follows. In that buoyant cradle, there is time-not only to look and be astonished, but to talk in the low, honest register of morning. Questions that get lost in city noise find their way back: Where do we want to live? What do we want to build? Who are we becoming together? And then there is no need to fill the space with answers. The land itself replies in gestures: a sweep of dune that seems to go on forever, the soft geometry of shade, the patient, ancient indifference of rock.


Below you, the traces of people who have crossed this terrain for centuries feel close. The desert is not empty. It hums with the movement of lives adapted to edges and to sky. It stores stories in the long furrows of wind. The Bedouin knew romance not as a spectacle but as a tested intimacy-the comfort of firelight, the exchange of dates and bread, the shared labor of a journey that has to be made day after day. Hot air balloon Dubai camel view from sky Up here, romance borrows some of that practicality. You and your beloved do not need to declare anything too loudly. You share a view. You share trust in the pilot's quiet competence. You share the knowledge that a small shift of weight matters, that where you stand affects how the basket rides the air. Love, too, is an ongoing adjustment-an agreed choreography, a willingness to move together.


As the balloon drifts, the city appears and disappears at the edge of sight.

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One minute its needle-towers are cut-outs, fine and improbable against the morning. Hot air balloon Dubai special occasion The next, they bow behind a dune and the world is once again only sand and wind and sky. It is a good lesson: you can carry the city in your pocket, like a phone on silent, but it does not have to dominate the day. Up here, romance gets to breathe. It is not interrupted by a notification, not hemmed in by walls. It is allowed to stretch out to the horizon and back again.


When the pilot lowers the flame and angles you toward a long, flat corridor of sand for landing, the basket skims like a stone on water, then kisses down. The ground feels strange at first, like a friend you have not seen in years. Crewmen appear as if conjured, anchoring ropes, calling to each other, laughing. The fabric that held your morning like a bowl sighs itself back to stillness. You step out, and for a moment your legs, which have not walked in an hour, reconsider their purpose. Someone hands you a small cup of Arabic coffee: cardamom, smoke, something sweet like a beginning. There might be a simple breakfast-a circle of flatbread bubbling on a hot plate, bowls of labneh, honey slick as sunlight, dates that taste like the inside of a warm afternoon.


Sitting on a low rug, the two of you eat with your fingers and talk about favorite details: the way the balloon's shadow swelled and shrank as it slid over slopes, the exact second when the dune's gold turned to copper, the tiny flicker you thought might have been a lark startled from its nest. You find a grain of sand stuck to your lip.

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The person you love reaches over and, smiling, removes it with a thumb. It is a gesture so small it almost embarrasses you with its intimacy. And yet, that is the way of real romance-less the fireworks and more the quiet touch in an unguarded moment.


Back in the vehicle, on the return to the city, the roads unspool and the towers grow. The day filling up around you feels wider than usual, as if the sky has kept some of its morning generosity. You carry the desert with you-insole grit in your shoes, a faint scrape of wicker on your hand where you gripped the basket, the scent of singed air in your hair. Mostly, you carry the shape of that silence you shared above the dunes, how it made space for your words and for the ones you didn't need to say.


A hot air balloon over the Dubai desert sounds like a postcard cliché until you are in it. Then it becomes something else entirely: a place calibrated for awe, yes, but also for tenderness; an hour when the mechanics of ballooning mirror the mechanics of love-heat and lift, balance and trust, high views and soft returns.

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It is not the city's most opulent gesture, and perhaps that is why it feels so rare. Hot air balloon Dubai falcon show In a place that can make almost any dream concrete, this is a dream you ride on air, stitched together by light and held aloft, briefly, by the romance that two people make between them-and by a desert that, once you have floated over it, never quite lets you go.

A Eurasian goshawk
Flying a saker falcon

Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey. Small animals are hunted; squirrels and rabbits often fall prey to these birds. Two traditional terms are used to describe a person involved in falconry: a "falconer" flies a falcon; an "austringer" (Old French origin) keeps Eurasian goshawks and uses accipiters for hunting. In modern falconry, the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), and the peregrine falcon (Falco perigrinus) are some of the more commonly used birds of prey. The practice of hunting with a conditioned falconry bird is also called hawking or "gamehawking", although the words hawking and hawker have become used so much to refer to petty traveling traders, that the terms "falconer" and "falconry" now apply to most use of trained birds of prey to catch game. However, many contemporary practitioners still use these words in their original meaning.

In early English falconry literature, the word "falcon" referred to a female peregrine falcon only, while the word "hawk" or "hawke" referred to a female hawk. A male hawk or falcon was referred to as a "tiercel" (sometimes spelled "tercel"), as it was roughly one-third less than the female in size.[1][2] This traditional Arabian sport grew throughout Europe. Falconry is also an icon of Arabian culture. The saker falcon used by Arabs for falconry is called by Arabs "Hur" i.e. Free-bird,[citation needed] and it has been used in falconry in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Saker falcons are the national bird of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and Yemen and have been integral to Arab heritage and culture for over 9,000 years. They are the national emblem of many Arab countries.[3][4]

Birds used in contemporary falconry

[edit]

Several raptors are used in falconry. They are typically classed as:

  • "Broadwings": Buteo and Parabuteo spp., and eagles (red-tailed hawks, Harris's hawks, golden eagles)
  • "Shortwings": Astur and Accipiter spp. (Eurasian goshawks, Cooper's hawk, Eurasian sparrowhawks)
  • "Longwings": Falcons (peregrine falcons, kestrels, gyrfalcons, saker falcons)

Owls are also used, although they are far less common.

In determining whether a species can or should be used for falconry, the species' behaviour in a captive environment, its responsiveness to training, and its typical prey and hunting habits are considered. To some degree, a species' reputation will determine whether it is used, although this factor is somewhat harder to objectively gauge.

Species for beginners

[edit]

In North America, the capable red-tailed hawk is commonly flown by beginner falconers during their apprenticeship.[5][6] Opinions differ on the usefulness of the kestrel for beginners due to its inherent fragility. In the UK, beginner falconers are often permitted to acquire a larger variety of birds, but Harris's hawk and the red-tailed hawk remain the most commonly used for beginners and experienced falconers alike.[7] Red-tailed hawks are held in high regard in the UK due to the ease of breeding them in captivity, their inherent hardiness, and their capability hunting the rabbits and hares commonly found throughout the countryside in the UK. Many falconers in the UK and North America switch to accipiters or large falcons following their introduction with easier birds. In the US, accipiters, several types of buteos, and large falcons are only allowed to be owned by falconers who hold a general license. The three kinds of falconry licenses in the United States, typically, are the apprentice class, general class, and master class.

Soaring hawks and the common buzzard (Buteo)

[edit]
A falconer's red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)

The genus Buteo, known as "buzzards" in the Old World and "hawks" in North America, has a worldwide distribution. The North American species red-tailed hawk, ferruginous hawk, and rarely, the red-shouldered hawk, are all examples of species from this genus that are used in falconry today. The red-tailed hawk is hardy and versatile, taking rabbits, hares, and squirrels; given the right conditions, it can catch the occasional duck or pheasant. The red-tailed hawk is also considered a good bird for beginners. The Eurasian common buzzard is also used, although this species requires more perseverance if rabbits are to be hunted.

Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)

[edit]
Harris's hawk used in falconry
Falconer with a Harris's hawk

Parabuteo unicinctus is one of two representatives of the Parabuteo genus worldwide. The other is the white-rumped hawk (P. leucorrhous). Arguably the best rabbit or hare raptor available anywhere, Harris's hawk is also adept at catching birds. Often captive-bred, Harris's hawk is remarkably popular because of its temperament and ability. It is found in the wild living in groups or packs, and hunts cooperatively, with a social hierarchy similar to wolves. This highly social behaviour is not observed in any other bird-of-prey species, and is very adaptable to falconry. This genus is native to the Americas from southern Texas and Arizona to South America. Harris's hawk is often used in the modern technique of car hawking (or drive-by falconry), where the raptor is launched from the window of a moving car at suitable prey.

True hawks (Astur and Accipiter)

[edit]

The genera Astur and Accipiter are also found worldwide. Hawk expert[citation needed] Mike McDermott once said, "The attack of the accipiters is extremely swift, rapid, and violent in every way". They are well known in falconry use both in Europe and North America. The Eurasian goshawk has been trained for falconry for hundreds of years, taking a variety of birds and mammals. Other popular Accipiter species used in falconry include Cooper's hawk and the sharp-shinned hawk in North America and the European sparrowhawk in Europe and Eurasia.

Harriers (Circus)

[edit]

New Zealand is likely to be one of the few countries to use a harrier species for falconry; there, falconers successfully hunt with the Australasian harrier (Circus approximans).[8]

A lanner falcon with its lure

Falcons (Falco)

[edit]

The genus Falco is found worldwide and has occupied a central niche in ancient and modern falconry. Most falcon species used in falconry are specialized predators, most adapted to capturing bird prey, such as the peregrine falcon and merlin. A notable exception is the use of desert falcons such the saker falcon in ancient and modern falconry in Asia and Western Asia, where hares were and are commonly taken. In North America, the prairie falcon and the gyrfalcon can capture small mammal prey such as rabbits and hares (as well as the standard gamebirds and waterfowl) in falconry, but this is rarely practiced. Young falconry apprentices in the United States often begin practicing the art with American kestrels, the smallest of the falcons in North America; debate remains on this, as they are small, fragile birds, and can die easily if neglected.[9] Small species, such as kestrels, merlins and hobbys, are most often flown on small birds such as starlings or sparrows, but can also be used for recreational bug hawking – that is, hunting large flying insects such as dragonflies, grasshoppers, and moths.

Owls (Strigidae)

[edit]
A barn owl landing on a falconer's hand

Owls (family Strigidae) are not closely related to hawks or falcons. Little is written in classic falconry that discusses the use of owls in falconry. However, at least two species have successfully been used, the Eurasian eagle-owl and the great horned owl.[10] Successful training of owls is much different from the training of hawks and falcons, as they are hearing- rather than sight-oriented. (Owls can only see black and white, and are long-sighted.) This often leads falconers to believe that they are less intelligent, as they are distracted easily by new or unnatural noises, and they do not respond as readily to food cues. However, if trained successfully, owls show intelligence on the same level as those of hawks and falcons.

Large eagles (Aquila)

[edit]
A Mongolian man inspects his golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) before competing in an eagle hunting contest in northern Mongolia

The genus Aquila (all have "booted" or feathered tarsi) has a nearly worldwide distribution. The more powerful types are used in falconry; for example golden eagles (A. chrysaetos) have reportedly been used to hunt wolves[11] in Kazakhstan, and are now most widely used by the Altaic Kazakh eagle hunters in the western Mongolian province of Bayan-Ölgii to hunt foxes,[12][13][14][15][16] and other large prey, as they are in neighbouring Kyrgyzstan.[17] Most are primarily ground-oriented, but occasionally take birds. Eagles are not used as widely in falconry as other birds of prey, due to the lack of versatility in the larger species (they primarily hunt over large, open ground), the greater potential danger to other people if hunted in a widely populated area, and the difficulty of training and managing an eagle. A little over 300 active falconers are using eagles in Central Asia, with 250 in western Mongolia, 50 in Kazakhstan, and smaller numbers in Kyrgyzstan and western China.[15]

Sea eagles (Haliaeetus)

[edit]

Most species in the genus Haliaeetus catch and eat fish, some almost exclusively, but in countries where they are not protected, some have been effectively used in hunting for ground quarry.[citation needed] Bald eagles (H. leucocephalus) have been tried by law enforcement agencies in the Netherlands and elsewhere for catching illegal drones,[18] though the experiment was not successful outside of trials, as the eagles were easily distracted.[19]

Husbandry, training, and equipment

[edit]

Main articles: Hack (falconry) and Falconry training and technique

Falconry around the world

[edit]
A brown falcon used for falconry in Tasmania

Falconry is currently practiced in many countries around the world. The falconer's traditional choice of bird is the Eurasian and American goshawks and peregrine falcon. In contemporary falconry in both North America and the UK, they remain popular, although Harris' hawks and red-tailed hawks are likely more widely used. The Eurasian goshawk and the golden eagle are more commonly used in Eastern Europe than elsewhere. In the west Asia, the saker falcon is the most traditional species flown against the houbara bustard, sandgrouse, stone-curlew, other birds, and hares. Peregrines and other captive-bred imported falcons are also commonplace. Falconry remains an important part of the Arab heritage and culture. The UAE reportedly spends over US$27 million annually towards the protection and conservation of wild falcons, and has set up several state-of-the-art falcon hospitals in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.[20] The Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital is the largest falcon hospital in the world. Two breeding farms are in the Emirates, as well as those in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Every year, falcon beauty contests and demonstrations take place at the ADIHEX exhibition in Abu Dhabi.

A saker falcon used for falconry in Qatar
A hobby
Falconer from Al Ain, Abu Dhabi[21]

Eurasian sparrowhawks were formerly used to take a range of small birds, but have since fallen out of favour due to their fragility and the availability of various American species.[citation needed]

In North America and the UK, falcons usually fly only after birds. Large falcons are typically trained to fly in the "waiting-on" style, where the falcon climbs and circles above the falconer or dog and the quarry is flushed when the falcon is in the desired commanding position. Classical game hawking in the UK had a brace of peregrine falcons flown against red grouse, or merlins in "ringing" flights after skylarks. Rooks and crows are classic game for the larger falcons, and the magpie, making up in cunning what it lacks in flying ability, is another common target. Short-wings[clarification needed] can be flown in both open and wooded country against a variety of bird and small mammal prey. Most hunting with large falcons requires large, open tracts where the falcon is afforded opportunity to strike or seize its quarry before it reaches cover. Most of Europe practices similar styles of falconry, but with differing degrees of regulation.

Medieval falconers often rode horses, but this is now rare with the exception of contemporary Kazakh and Mongolian falconry. In Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia, the golden eagle is traditionally flown (often from horseback), hunting game as large as foxes and wolves.[22]

In Japan, the Eurasian goshawk has been used for centuries. Japan continues to honour its strong historical links with falconry (takagari), while adopting some modern techniques and technologies.

In Australia, although falconry is not specifically illegal, it is illegal to keep any type of bird of prey in captivity without the appropriate permits. The only exemption is when the birds are kept for purposes of rehabilitation (for which a licence must still be held), and in such circumstances it may be possible for a competent falconer to teach a bird to hunt and kill wild quarry, as part of its regime of rehabilitation to good health and a fit state to be released into the wild.

In New Zealand, falconry was formally legalised for one species only, the swamp/Australasian harrier (Circus approximans) in 2011. This was only possible with over 25 years of effort from both Wingspan National Bird of Prey Center[23] and the Raptor Association of New Zealand.[24] Falconry can only be practiced by people who have been issued a falconry permit by the Department of Conservation. Tangent aspects, such as bird abatement and raptor rehabilitation, also employ falconry techniques to accomplish their goals.

Falconry today

[edit]
Falconry

Falcons can live into their midteens, with larger hawks living longer and eagles likely to see out middle-aged owners. Through the captive breeding of rescued birds, the last 30 years have had a great rebirth of the sport, with a host of innovations; falconry's popularity, through lure flying displays at country houses and game fairs, has probably never been higher in the past 300 years. Ornithologist Tim Gallagher, editor of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Living Bird magazine, documented his experiences with modern falconry in a 2008 book, Falcon Fever.[a]

Making use of the natural relationship between raptors and their prey, falconry is now used to control pest birds and animals in urban areas, landfills, commercial buildings,[26] hotels, and airports.[27]

Falconry centres or bird-of-prey centres house these raptors. They are responsible for many aspects of bird-of-prey conservation (through keeping the birds for education and breeding). Many conduct regular flying demonstrations and educational talks, and are popular with visitors worldwide.

Such centres may also provide falconry courses, hawk walks, displays, and other experiences with these raptors.

Starting Falconry in the 21st Century

[edit]

Getting into falconry requires dedication, study, and hands-on experience. In the United States, aspiring falconers must pass a written falconry exam and obtain the appropriate state and federal licenses before keeping a bird of prey. Many beginners start by studying local wildlife laws, bird care, and hunting techniques to prepare for the exam. In the United Kingdom, newcomers often begin by volunteering at a falconry centre or finding an experienced falconer to act as a mentor under the British Falconers’ Club or similar organisations. There are also structured training opportunities, such as professional falconry courses offered by institutions like Falconry Course, which provide comprehensive introductions to the sport, bird handling, and conservation practices.[28]

Clubs and organizations

[edit]

In the UK, the British Falconers' Club (BFC) is the oldest and largest of the falconry clubs. BFC was founded in 1927 by the surviving members of the Old Hawking Club, itself founded in 1864. Working closely with the Hawk Board, an advisory body representing the interests of UK bird of prey keepers, the BFC is in the forefront of raptor conservation, falconer education, and sustainable falconry. Established in 1927, the BFC now has a membership over 1,200 falconers. It began as a small and elite club, but it is now a sizeable democratic organisation that has members from all walks of life, flying hawks, falcons, and eagles at legal quarry throughout the British Isles.

The North American Falconers Association[29] (NAFA), founded in 1961, is the premier club for falconry in the US, Canada, and Mexico, and has members worldwide. NAFA is the primary club in the United States and has a membership from around the world. Most USA states have their own falconry clubs. Although these clubs are primarily social, they also serve to represent falconers within their states in regards to that state's wildlife regulations.

The International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey,[30] founded in 1968, currently represents 156 falconry clubs and conservation organisations from 87 countries worldwide, totalling over 75,000 members.

The Saudi Falcons Club preserves the historical heritage associated with the falconry culture, and spreads awareness and provides training to protect falcons and flourish falconry.[tone]

Captive breeding and conservation

[edit]

The successful and now widespread captive breeding of birds of prey began as a response to dwindling wild populations due to persistent toxins such as PCBs and DDT, systematic persecution as undesirable predators, habitat loss, and the resulting limited availability of popular species for falconry, particularly the peregrine falcon. The first known raptors to breed in captivity belonged to a German falconer named Renz Waller. In 1942–43, he produced two young peregrines in Düsseldorf in Germany.

Falconry equipment

The first successful captive breeding of peregrine falcons in North America occurred in the early 1970s by the Peregrine Fund, professor and falconer Heinz Meng, and other private falconer/breeders such as David Jamieson and Les Boyd who bred the first peregrines by means of artificial insemination. In Great Britain, falconer Phillip Glasier of the Falconry Centre in Newent, Gloucestershire, was successful in obtaining young from more than 20 species of captive raptors. A cooperative effort began between various government agencies, non-government organizations, and falconers to supplement various wild raptor populations in peril. This effort was strongest in North America where significant private donations along with funding allocations through the Endangered Species Act of 1972 provided the means to continue the release of captive-bred peregrines, golden eagles, bald eagles, aplomado falcons and others. By the mid-1980s, falconers had become self-sufficient as regards sources of birds to train and fly, in addition to the immensely important conservation benefits conferred by captive breeding.

Between 1972 and 2001, nearly all peregrines used for falconry in the U.S. were captive-bred from the progeny of falcons taken before the U. S. Endangered Species Act was passed, and from those few infusions of wild genes available from Canada and special circumstances. Peregrine falcons were removed from the United States' endangered species list on August 25, 1999.[31] Finally, after years of close work with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, a limited take of wild peregrines was allowed in 2001, the first wild peregrines taken specifically for falconry in over 30 years.

Some controversy has existed over the origins of captive-breeding stock used by the Peregrine Fund in the recovery of peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States. Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock, including birds of Eurasian origin. Due to the extirpation of the eastern subspecies (Falco peregrinus anatum), its near extirpation in the Midwest, and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock, the inclusion of non-native subspecies was justified to optimize the genetic diversity found within the species as a whole.[32] Such strategies are common in endangered species reintroduction scenarios, where dramatic population declines result in a genetic bottleneck and the loss of genetic diversity.

Laws regulating the hunting, import and export of wild falcons vary across Asia, and effective enforcement of current national and international regulations is lacking in some regions. It is possible that the spread of captive-bred falcons in falcon markets in the Arabian Peninsula has mitigated this demand for wild falcons.

Hybrid falcons

[edit]

The species within the genus Falco are closely related, and some pairings produce viable offspring. The heavy northern gyrfalcon and Asiatic saker are especially closely related, and whether the Altai falcon is a subspecies of the saker or descendants of naturally occurring hybrids is not known. Peregrine and prairie falcons have been observed breeding in the wild and have produced offspring.[33] These pairings are thought to be rare, but extra-pair copulations between closely related species may occur more frequently and/or account for most natural occurring hybridization. Some male first-generation hybrids may have viable sperm, whereas very few first-generation female hybrids lay fertile eggs. Thus, naturally occurring hybridization is thought to be somewhat insignificant to gene flow in raptor species.

The first hybrid falcons produced in captivity occurred in western Ireland when veteran falconer Ronald Stevens and John Morris put a male saker and a female peregrine into the same moulting mews for the spring and early summer, and the two mated and produced offspring.

Captive-bred hybrid falcons have been available since the late 1970s, and enjoyed a meteoric rise in popularity in North America and the UK in the 1990s. Hybrids were initially "created" to combine the horizontal speed and size of the gyrfalcon with the good disposition and aerial ability of the peregrine. Hybrid falcons first gained large popularity throughout the Arabian Peninsula, feeding a demand for particularly large and aggressive female falcons capable and willing to take on the very large houbara bustard, the classic falconry quarry in the deserts of the West Asia. These falcons were also very popular with Arab falconers, as they tended to withstand a respiratory disease (aspergillosis from the mold genus Aspergillus) in stressful desert conditions better than other pure species from the Northern Hemisphere.

Artificial selection and domestication

[edit]

Some believe that no species of raptor have been in captivity long enough to have undergone successful selective breeding for desired traits. Captive breeding of raptors over several generations tends to result, either deliberately, or inevitably as a result of captivity, in selection for certain traits, including:

  • Ability to survive in captivity
  • Ability to breed in captivity
  • Suitability (in most cases) for interactions with humans for falconry: Birds that demonstrated an unwillingness to hunt with men were most often discarded, rather than being placed in breeding projects
  • With gyrfalcons in areas away from their natural Arctic tundra habitat, better disease resistance
  • With gyrfalcons, feather color[34]

Escaped falconry birds

[edit]
The Shaw Monument, a falconry observation tower in Scotland.

Falconers' birds are inevitably lost on occasion, though most are found again. The main reason birds can be found again is because, during free flights, birds usually wear radio transmitters or bells. The transmitters are in the middle of the tail, on the back, or attached to the bird's legs.

Records of species becoming established in Britain after escaping or being released include:

  • Escaped Harris's hawks have bred in the wild in Britain on a few occasions, though no naturalised population has become established.[35]
  • The return of the Eurasian goshawk as a breeding bird to Britain since 1945 is due in large part to falconers' escapes; the earlier British population was wiped out by gamekeepers and egg collectors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  • A pair of European eagle owls bred in the wild in Yorkshire for several years, feeding largely or entirely on rabbits. The pair are most likely captive escapees. If this will lead to a population becoming established is not yet known.

In 1986, a lost captive-bred female prairie falcon (which had been cross-fostered by an adult peregrine in captivity) mated with a wild male peregrine in Utah. The prairie falcon was trapped and the eggs removed, incubated, and hatched, and the hybrid offspring were given to falconers. The wild peregrine paired with another peregrine the next year.

Falconry in Hawaii is prohibited largely due to the fears of escaped non-native birds of prey becoming established on the island chain and aggravating an already rampant problem of invasive species impacts on native wildlife and plant communities.

Regulations

[edit]

In Great Britain

[edit]
Mountain hare hunting with a golden eagle in Scotland

In sharp contrast to the US, falconry in Great Britain is permitted without a special license, but a restriction exists of using only captive-bred birds. In the lengthy, record-breaking debates in Westminster during the passage of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Bill, efforts were made by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and other lobby groups to have falconry outlawed, but these were successfully resisted. After a centuries-old but informal existence in Britain, the sport of falconry was finally given formal legal status in Great Britain by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which allowed it to continue, provided all captive raptors native to the UK were officially ringed and government-registered. DNA testing was also available to verify birds' origins. Since 1982, the British government's licensing requirements have been overseen by the Chief Wildlife Act Inspector for Great Britain, who is assisted by a panel of unpaid assistant inspectors.

British falconers are entirely reliant upon captive-bred birds for their sport. The taking of raptors from the wild for falconry, although permitted by law under government licence, has not been allowed in recent decades.

Anyone is permitted to possess legally registered or captive-bred raptors, although falconers are anxious to point out this is not synonymous with falconry, which specifically entails the hunting of live quarry with a trained bird. A raptor kept merely as a possession for pleasure (like an aviary bird), although the law may allow it, is not considered to be a falconer's bird. Birds may be used for breeding or kept after their hunting days are over, but falconers believe it is preferable that young, fit birds are flown at quarry.

In the United States

[edit]

In the United States, falconry is legal in all states except Hawaii, and in the District of Columbia. A falconer must have a state permit to practice the sport. (Requirements for a federal permit were changed in 2008 and the program discontinued effective January 1, 2014.)[36] Acquiring a falconry license in the United States requires an aspiring falconer to pass a written test, have equipment and facilities inspected, and serve a minimum of two years as an apprentice under a licensed falconer, during which time, the apprentice falconer may only possess one raptor. Three classes of the falconry license have a permit issued jointly by the falconer's state of residence and the federal government. The aforementioned apprentice license matriculates to a general class license, which allows the falconer to up to three raptors at one time. (Some jurisdictions may further limit this.) After a minimum of five years at general level, falconers may apply for a master class license, which allows them to keep up to five wild raptors for falconry and an unlimited number of captive-produced raptors. (All must be used for falconry.) Certain highly experienced master falconers may also apply to possess golden eagles for falconry.

Within the United States, a state's regulations are limited by federal law and treaties protecting raptors. Most states afford falconers an extended hunting season relative to seasons for archery and firearms, but species to be hunted, bag limits, and possession limits remain the same for both. No extended seasons for falconry exist for the hunting of migratory birds such as waterfowl and doves.

Federal regulation of falconry in North America is enforced under the statutes of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA), originally designed to address the rampant commercial market hunting of migratory waterfowl during the early 20th century. Birds of prey suffered extreme persecution from the early 20th century through the 1960s, where thousands of birds were shot at conspicuous migration sites, and many state wildlife agencies issued bounties for carcasses.[37] Due to widespread persecution and further impacts to raptor populations from DDT and other toxins, the act was amended in 1972 to include birds of prey. (Eagles are also protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1959.) Under the MBTA, taking migratory birds, their eggs, feathers, or nests is illegal. Take is defined in the MBTA to "include by any means or in any manner, any attempt at hunting, pursuing, wounding, killing, possessing, or transporting any migratory bird, nest, egg, or part thereof".[38] Falconers are allowed to trap and otherwise possess certain birds of prey and their feathers with special permits issued by the Migratory Bird Office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by state wildlife agencies (issuers of trapping permits).

The Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) restricts the import and export of most native birds species and are listed in the CITES Appendices I, II, and III.

The Wild Bird Conservation Act, legislation put into effect circa 1993, regulates importation of any CITES-listed birds into the United States.

Some controversy exists over the issue of falconer's ownership of captive-bred birds of prey. Falconry permits are issued by states in a manner that entrusts falconers to "take" (trap) and possess permitted birds and use them only for permitted activities, but does not transfer legal ownership. No legal distinction is made between native wild-trapped vs. captive-bred birds of the same species. This legal position is designed to discourage the commercial exploitation of native wildlife.

History

[edit]
Detail of two falconers from De arte venandi cum avibus, 1240s
Indian king, Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur with a hawk
Mughal emperor Akbar with a hawk
The medieval poet Konrad von Altstetten shown with his falcon, in the embrace of his lover. From the Codex Manesse.

Evidence suggests that the art of falconry may have begun in Mesopotamia, with the earliest accounts dating to around 2,000 BC. Also, some raptor representations are in the northern Altai, western Mongolia.[2][39] The falcon was a symbolic bird of ancient Mongol tribes.[40] Some disagreement exists about whether such early accounts document the practice of falconry (from the Epic of Gilgamesh and others) or are misinterpreted depictions of humans with birds of prey.[41][page needed][42][page needed] During the Turkic Period of Central Asia (seventh century AD), concrete figures of falconers on horseback were described on the rocks in Kyrgyz.[39] Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1194–1250) is generally acknowledged as the most significant wellspring of traditional falconry knowledge. He is believed to have obtained firsthand knowledge of Arabic falconry during wars in the region (between June 1228 and June 1229). He obtained a copy of Moamyn's manual on falconry and had it translated into Latin by Theodore of Antioch. Frederick II himself made corrections to the translation in 1241, resulting in De Scientia Venandi per Aves.[43] King Frederick II is most recognized for his falconry treatise, De arte venandi cum avibus (On The Art of Hunting with Birds). Written himself toward the end of his life, it is widely accepted as the first comprehensive book of falconry, but also notable in its contributions to ornithology and zoology. De arte venandi cum avibus incorporated a diversity of scholarly traditions from east to west, and is one of the earliest challenges to Aristotle's explanations of nature.[44][page needed]

Three panels depicting hawking in England from various time periods, as reprinted in Joseph Strutt's 1801 book, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England from the Earliest Period: The middle panel is from a Saxon manuscript dated to the late 10th century – early 11th century, as of 1801 held in the "Cotton Library", showing a Saxon nobleman and his falconer. The top and bottom panels are drawings from a manuscript held, as of 1801, in the Royal Library, dating from the early 14th century, showing parties of both sexes hawking by the waterside; the falconer is frightening the fowl to make them rise and the hawk is in the act of seizing upon one of them.[45]
 

Mughal emperor Jahangir in the desert hunting deer with a falcon., Brooklyn Museum, c. 1600.

Icelandic gyrfalcon, 1759, Livrustkammaren

Historically, falconry was a popular sport and status symbol among the nobles of medieval Europe, and Asia.[citation needed] Many historical illustrations left in Rashid al Din's "Compendium chronicles" book described falconry of the middle centuries with Mongol images. Falconry was largely restricted to the noble classes due to the prerequisite commitment of time, money, and space. In art and other aspects of culture, such as literature, falconry remained a status symbol long after it was no longer popularly practiced. The historical significance of falconry within lower social classes may be underrepresented in the archaeological record, due to a lack of surviving evidence, especially from nonliterate nomadic and nonagrarian societies. Within nomadic societies such as the Bedouin, falconry was not practiced for recreation by noblemen. Instead, falcons were trapped and hunted on small game during the winter to supplement a very limited diet.[46][page needed]

In the UK and parts of Europe, falconry probably reached its zenith in the 17th century,[1][2] but soon faded, particularly in the late 18th and 19th centuries, as firearms became the tool of choice for hunting. (This likely took place throughout Europe and Asia in differing degrees.) Falconry in the UK had a resurgence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when a number of falconry books were published.[47] This revival led to the introduction of falconry in North America in the early 20th century. Colonel R. Luff Meredith is recognized as the father of North American falconry.[48]

Throughout the 20th century, modern veterinary practices and the advent of radio telemetry (transmitters attached to free-flying birds) increased the average lifespan of falconry birds, and allowed falconers to pursue quarry and styles of flight that had previously resulted in the loss of their hawk or falcon.

Timeline

[edit]
A couple belonging to the Sambal warrior class, documented by the 16th-century Boxer Codex: The female warrior is holding a raptor, which has captured a bird, exemplifying a culture of falconry.
  • 722–705 BC – An Assyrian bas-relief found in the ruins at Khorsabad during the excavation of the palace of Sargon II (Sargon II) has been claimed to depict falconry. In fact, it depicts an archer shooting at raptors and an attendant capturing a raptor. A. H. Layard's statement in his 1853 book Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon is "A falconer bearing a hawk on his wrist appeared to be represented in a bas-relief which I saw on my last visit to those ruins."
  • 680 BC – Chinese records describe falconry.
  • Fourth century BC – Aristotle wrote that in Thrace, the boys who want to hunt small birds, take hawks with them. When they call the hawks addressing them by name, the hawks swoop down on the birds. The small birds fly in terror into the bushes, where the boys catch them by knocking them down with sticks; in case the hawks themselves catch any of the birds, they throw them down to the hunters. When the hunting finishes, the hunters give a portion of all that is caught to the hawks.[49] He also wrote that in the city of Cedripolis (Κεδρίπολις), men and hawks jointly hunt small birds. The men drive them away with sticks, while the hawks pursue closely, and the small birds in their flight fall into the clutches of the men. Because of this, they share their prey with the hawks.[50]
  • Third century BC – Antigonus of Carystus wrote the same story about the city of Cedripolis.[51]
  • 355 ADNihon-shoki, a largely mythical narrative, records hawking first arriving in Japan from Baekje as of the 16th emperor Nintoku.
  • Second–fourth century – the Germanic tribe of the Goths learned falconry from the Sarmatians.
  • Fifth century – the son of Avitus, Roman Emperor 455–56, from the Celtic tribe of the Arverni, who fought at the Battle of Châlons with the Goths against the Huns, introduced falconry in Rome.
  • 500 – a Roman floor mosaic in Argos, Peloponnese depicts a falconer and his hawk hunting ducks.
  • Early seventh century – Prey caught by trained dogs or falcons is considered halal in Quran.[52] By this time, falconry was already popular in the Arabian Peninsula.
  • 818 – Japanese Emperor Saga ordered someone to edit a falconry text named Shinshuu Youkyou.
  • 875 – Western Europe and Saxon England practiced falconry widely.
  • 991 – In the poem The Battle of Maldon describing the Battle of Maldon in Essex, before the battle, the Anglo-Saxons' leader Byrhtnoth says, "let his tame hawk fly from his hand to the wood".
  • 1070s – The Bayeux Tapestry shows King Harold of England with a hawk in one scene. The king is said to have owned the largest collection of books on the sport in all of Europe.
  • Around 1182 – Niketas Choniates wrote about hawks that are trained to hunt at the Byzantine Empire.[53]
  • Around the 1240s – The treatise of an Arab falconer, Moamyn, was translated into Latin by Master Theodore of Antioch, at the court of Frederick II, it was called De Scientia Venandi per Aves and much copied.
  • 1250 – Frederick II wrote in the last years of his life a treatise on the art of hunting with birds: De arte venandi cum avibus.
  • 1285 – The Baz-Nama-yi Nasiri, a Persian treatise on falconry, was compiled by Taymur Mirza, an English translation of which was produced in 1908 by D. C. Phillott.[54]
  • 1325 – The Libro de la caza, by the prince of Villena, Don Juan Manuel, includes a detailed description of the best hunting places for falconry in the kingdom of Castile.
  • 1390s – In his Libro de la caza de las aves, Castilian poet and chronicler Pero López de Ayala attempts to compile all the available correct knowledge concerning falconry.
  • 1486 – See the Boke of Saint Albans
  • Early 16th century – Japanese warlord Asakura Norikage (1476–1555) succeeded in captive breeding of Eurasian goshawks.
  • 1580s – Spanish drawings of Sambal people recorded in the Boxer Codex showed a culture of falconry in the Philippines.
  • 1600s – In Dutch records of falconry, the town of Valkenswaard was almost entirely dependent on falconry for its economy.
  • 1660s – Tsar Alexis of Russia writes a treatise that celebrates aesthetic pleasures derived from falconry.
  • 1801 – Joseph Strutt of England writes, "the ladies not only accompanied the gentlemen in pursuit of the diversion [falconry], but often practiced it by themselves; and even excelled the men in knowledge and exercise of the art."
  • 1864 – The Old Hawking Club is formed in Great Britain.
  • 1921 – Deutscher Falkenorden is founded in Germany. Today, it is the largest and oldest falconry club in Europe.
  • 1927 – The British Falconers' Club is founded by the surviving members of the Old Hawking Club.
  • 1934 – The first US falconry club, the Peregrine Club of Philadelphia, is formed; it became inactive during World War II and was reconstituted in 2013 by Dwight A. Lasure of Pennsylvania.
  • 1941 – Falconer's Club of America formed
  • 1961 – Falconer's Club of America was defunct
  • 1961 – North American Falconers Association formed
  • 1968 – International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey formed[55]
  • 1970 – Peregrine falcons were listed as an endangered species in the U.S., due primarily to the use of DDT as a pesticide (35 Federal Register 8495; June 2, 1970).
  • 1970 – The Peregrine Fund is founded, mostly by falconers, to conserve raptors, and focusing on peregrine falcons.
  • 1972 – DDT banned in the U.S. (EPA press release – December 31, 1972) but continues to be used in Mexico and other nations.
  • 1999 – Peregrine falcon removed from the Endangered Species List in the United States, due to reports that at least 1,650 peregrine breeding pairs existed in the U.S. and Canada at that time. (64 Federal Register 46541-558, August 25, 1999)
  • 2003 – A population study by the USFWS shows peregrine falcon numbers climbing ever more rapidly, with well over 3000 pairs in North America
    Hunting falcon as depicted by Edwin Henry Landseer in 1837.
  • 2006 – A population study by the USFWS shows peregrine falcon numbers still climbing. (Federal Register circa September 2006)
  • 2008 – USFWS rewrites falconry regulations virtually eliminating federal involvement. Federal Register: October 8, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 196)
  • 2010 – Falconry is added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)[21][56]

Falconry in Britain in early 12th century

[edit]

Medieval Normans distinguished falconry from the sport of 'hawking'.[citation needed] Normans practiced falconry by horseback and 'hawking' by foot.[citation needed] An immediate impact of the Norman Conquest of England was a penchant for falconry enjoyed by Norman nobility.[citation needed] So much so, in fact, that they outlawed commoners from hunting particular lands so that nobility could freely enjoy both sports.[citation needed] Both falconry and 'hawking' were central to Norman cultural identity in medieval times.[citation needed] Normans transported their falcons on a frame called a cadge.[citation needed]

The Book of St Albans

[edit]
A lady with peregrine falcon on horse

The often-quoted Book of Saint Albans or Boke of St Albans, first printed in 1486, often attributed to Dame Juliana Berners, provides this hierarchy of hawks and the social ranks for which each bird was supposedly appropriate.

  1. Emperor: Eagle, vulture, and merlin
  2. King: gyrfalcon and the tercel of the gyrfalcon
  3. Prince: falcon gentle and the tercel gentle
  4. Duke: falcon of the loch
  5. Earl: Peregrine falcon
  6. Baron: bustard
  7. Knight: sacre and the sacret
  8. Esquire: lanere and the laneret
  9. Lady: marlyon
  10. Young man: hobby
  11. Yeoman: goshawk
  12. Poor man: tercel
  13. Priest: sparrowhawk
  14. Holy water clerk: musket
  15. Knave or servant: kestrel

This list, however, was mistaken in several respects.

  • 1) Vultures are not used for falconry.
  • 3) 4) 5) These are usually said to be different names for the peregrine falcon. But there is an opinion that renders 4) as "rock falcon" = a peregrine from remote rocky areas, which would be bigger and stronger than other peregrines. This could also refer to the Scottish peregrine.
  • 6) The bustard is not a bird of prey, but a game species that was commonly hunted by falconers; this entry may have been a mistake for buzzard, or for busard which is French for "harrier"; but any of these would be a poor deal for barons; some treat this entry as "bastard hawk", possibly meaning a hawk of unknown lineage, or a hawk that could not be identified.
  • 7) Sakers were imported from abroad and very expensive, and ordinary knights and squires would be unlikely to have them.
  • 8) Contemporary records have lanners as native to England.
  • 10) 15) Hobbies and kestrels are historically considered to be of little use for serious falconry (the French name for the hobby is faucon hobereau, hobereau meaning local/country squire. That may be the source of the confusion), however King Edward I of England sent a falconer to catch hobbies for his use. Kestrels are coming into their own as worthy hunting birds, as modern falconers dedicate more time to their specific style of hunting. While not suitable for catching game for the falconer's table, kestrels are certainly capable of catching enough quarry that they can be fed on surplus kills through the moult.
  • 12) An opinion[57] holds that since the previous entry is the goshawk, this entry ("Ther is a Tercell. And that is for the powere [= poor] man.") means a male goshawk and that here "poor man" means not a labourer or beggar, but someone at the bottom of the scale of landowners.

The relevance of the "Boke" to practical falconry past or present is extremely tenuous, and veteran British falconer Phillip Glasier dismissed it as "merely a formalised and rather fanciful listing of birds".

Falconry in Britain in 1973

[edit]

A book about falconry published in 1973[58] says:

  • Most falconry birds used in Britain were taken from the wild, either in Britain, or taken abroad and then imported.
  • Captive breeding was initiated. The book mentions a captive-bred goshawk and a brood of captive-bred red-tailed hawks. It describes as a new and remarkable event captive breeding hybrid young in 1971 and 1972 from John Morris's female saker and Ronald Stevens's peregrine falcon.
  • Peregrine falcons were suffering from the post–World War II severe decline caused by pesticides. Taking wild peregrines in Britain was only allowed to train them to keep birds off Royal Air Force airfields to prevent bird strikes.
  • The book does not mention telemetry.
  • Harris's hawks were known to falconers but unusual. For example, the book lists a falconry meet on four days in August 1971 at White Hill and Leafield in Dumfriesshire in Scotland; the hawks flown were 11 goshawks and one Harris's hawk. The book felt it necessary to say what a Harris's hawk is.
  • The usual species for a beginner was a kestrel.
  • A few falconers used golden eagles.
  • Falcons in falconry would have bells on their legs so the hunters could find them. If the bells fell off the falcon, the hunter would not be able to find his bird easily. The bird usually died if it could not find a way to remove the leather binding on its feet.

Intangible cultural heritage

[edit]
Falconry, a living human heritage
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Country Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates
Reference 01708
Inscription history
Inscription 2021 (16th session)
List Representative

In 2010, UNESCO inscribed falconry on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity upon the nomination of eleven countries in which it is an important element of their culture: Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, South Korea, Mongolia, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates. Austria and Hungary were added in 2012; Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Portugal were added in 2016; and Croatia, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands, Poland, and Slovakia were added in 2021. Nominated by a total of twenty-four countries, falconry is the largest multi-national element on the Representative List.[59]

In their rationale for inscription on the list, the nominators highlighted that "Originally a means of obtaining food, falconry has acquired other values over time and has been integrated into communities as a social and recreational practice and as a way of connecting with nature. Today, falconry is practised by people of all ages in many countries. As an important cultural symbol in many of those countries, it is transmitted from generation to generation through a variety of means, including through mentoring, within families or in training clubs".[59]

Literature and film

[edit]
A falconer from Saudi Arabia, 1970s
  • In historic literature of Mongols, The Secret History of Mongol is one of earliest books that described Bodonchar Munkhag, first leader of the Borjigan tribe as having first caught a falcon and fed it until spring. Through falconry, he not only survived, but also made it his tribal custom. His eighth-generation descendant Esukhei Baatar (hereo) was also in falconry, and he was the father of Genghis Khan. Through Genghis Khan's Great Mongol empire, this custom was introduced to China, Korea, Japan, and Europe, as well as the Western Asia.
  • In the Tale XXXIII of the Tales of Count Lucanor by the prince of Villena, Lo que sucedió a un halcón sacre del infante don Manuel con una garza y un águila, the tale tries to teach a moral based on a story about falconry lived by the father of the author.
  • In the ninth novel of the fifth day of Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron, a medieval collection of novellas, a falcon is central to the plot: Nobleman Federigo degli Alberighi has wasted his fortune courting his unrequited love until nothing is left but his brave falcon. When his lady comes to see him, he gives her the falcon to eat. Knowing his case, she changes her mind, marries him, and makes him rich.
  • Famous explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton wrote an account of falconry in India, Falconry in the Valley of the Indus, first published in 1852 and now available in modern reprints.
  • A 17th-century English physician-philosopher, Sir Thomas Browne, wrote a short essay on falconry.[60]
  • T.H. White was a falconer and wrote The Goshawk about his attempt to train a hawk in the traditional art of falconry. Falconry is also featured and discussed in The Once and Future King.
  • In Virginia Henley's historical romance books, The Falcon and the Flower, The Dragon and the Jewel, The Marriage Prize, The Border Hostage, and Infamous, numerous mentions to the art of falconry are made, as these books are set at dates ranging from the 1150s to the 16th century.
  • The main character, Sam Gribley, in the children's novel My Side of the Mountain, is a falconer. His trained falcon is named Frightful.
  • William Bayer's novel Peregrine set in the world of falconry, about a rogue peregrine falcon in New York City, won the 1982 Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Mystery.
  • Actress Stana Katic, known for her role as Kate Beckett in Castle, enjoys falconry in her spare time.[61] She has said that "It gives me self-respect."
  • In the book and movie The Falcon and the Snowman about two Americans who sold secrets to the Soviets, one of the two main characters, Christopher Boyce, is a falconer.
  • In The Royal Tenenbaums, Richie keeps a falcon named Mordecai on the roof of his home in Brooklyn.
  • In James Clavell's Shōgun, Toranaga, one of the main characters, practices falconry throughout the book, often during or immediately before or after important plot events. His thoughts also reveal an analogy between his falconry and his use of other characters towards his ends.
  • The 1985 film Ladyhawke involved a medieval warrior who carried a red-tailed hawk as a pet, but in truth, the hawk was actually his lover, who had been cursed by an evil bishop to keep the two apart.
  • In The Dark Tower series, the main character, Roland, uses a hawk named David, to win a trial by combat to become a Gunslinger.
  • "The Falconer" is a recurring sketch on Saturday Night Live, featuring Will Forte as a falconer who constantly finds himself in mortal peril and must rely on his loyal falcon, Donald, to rescue him.
  • Gabriel García Márquez's novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold's main character, Santiago Nasar, and his father are falconers.
  • Hodgesaargh is a falconer based in Lancre Castle in Terry Pratchett's Discworld books. He is an expert and dedicated falconer who unluckily seems to only keep birds that enjoy attacking him.
  • Fantasy author Mercedes Lackey is a falconer and often adds birds of prey to her novels. Among the Tayledras or Hawkbrother race in her Chronicles of Valdemar, everyone bonds with a specially bred raptor called a bondbird, which has limited powers of speech mind-to-mind and can scout and hunt for its human bondmate.
  • Crime novelist Andy Straka is a falconer and his Frank Pavlicek private eye series features a former NYPD homicide detective and falconer as protagonist. The books include A Witness Above, A Killing Sky, Cold Quarry (2001, 2002, 2003), and Kitty Hitter (2009).
  • In Irish poet William Butler Yeats's poem, "The Second Coming", Yeats uses the image of "The falcon cannot hear the falconer" as a metaphor for social disintegration.
  • American poet Robert Duncan's poem "My Mother Would Be a Falconress"[62]
  • The comic book Gold Ring by Qais M. Sedki and Akira Himekawa features falconers and falcons.
  • The Marvel Comics character Falcon is both named after the animal, but is a falconer himself, fighting crime with his falcon Redwing.
  • C. J. Box's Joe Pickett series of novels has a recurring character, Nate Romanowski, who is a falconer.
  • A Kestrel for a Knave is a novel by British author Barry Hines, published in 1968. It is set in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, and tells of Billy Casper, a young working-class boy troubled at home and at school, who only finds solace when he finds and trains a kestrel, which he names "Kes". The film made from the book in 1969 by Ken Loach is also called Kes. Barry Hines was inspired by his younger brother Richard, who like Billy Casper, took kestrels from the wild and trained them. (He trained the three hawks used in the film Kes.) He has written of this in his memoir No Way But Gentleness: A Memoir of How Kes, My Kestrel, Changed My Life (Bloomsbury, 2016).
  • In the book Flight of the Dragon Kyn by Susan Fletcher, the protagonist helps train an arctic gyrfalcon as she befriends the king's falconer.
  • H is for Hawk (Vintage, 2015) by Helen Macdonald, which won the Samuel Johnson Prize and Costa Book of the Year prizes in 2014, tells of how she trained a goshawk and mourned her father in the same year. It has echoes of T.H. White's The Goshawk.
  • Dragonheart features Brok, the brutal knight for the iron fisted King Einon, who proved a capable falconer and owns a falcon.
  • On The Mummy Returns, Ardeth Bay proved a capable falconer and owned a saker falcon named after the Egyptian god Horus. Sadly, while delivering a message, Horus was shot to death by Lock-Nah with a rifle.
  • Avatar: The Last Airbender featured falconry, involving many using messenger hawks to deliver messages. The assassin Combustion Man utilized a raven eagle to intercept a messenger hawk carrying information about Aang's whereabouts, keeping Aang's survival after the coup in Ba Sing Se a secret.

English language words and idioms derived from falconry

[edit]

These English language words and idioms are derived from falconry:

Expression Meaning in falconry Derived meaning
Haggard[63] Of a hawk, caught from the wild when adult Looking exhausted and unwell, in poor condition; wild or untamed
Lure[64] Originally a device used to recall hawks. The hawks, when young, were trained to associate the device (usually a bunch of feathers) with food. To tempt with a promise/reward/bait
Rouse[65] To shake one's feathers Stir or awaken
Pounce[66] Referring to a hawk's claws, later derived to refer to birds springing or swooping to catch prey Jump forward to seize or attack something
To turn tail[67] Fly away To turn and run away

See also

[edit]
  • Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital
  • Animal training
  • Anti-hunting
  • Car hawking
  • Falconer's knot
  • Falconry training and technique
  • Hack (falconry)
  • Hunting
  • Hunting dog
  • Hunting with eagles
  • Jess (falconry)
  • Parahawking
  • Puppet-rearing
  • Takagari
  • Ferreting

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ About 5,000 falconers were in the United States in 2008.[25]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bert, E. (1619), An Approved Treatise on Hawks and Hawking.
  2. ^ a b c Latham, S. (1633), The Falcon's Lure and Cure.
  3. ^ Syz, Francesca (20 June 2021). "Why peregrine falcons are the ultimate status symbol in the Middle East". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  4. ^ "Saker Falcon entry at Abu Dhabi Environment division". Archived from the original on 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  5. ^ "The Modern Apprentice – The Red-Tail Hawk". Themodernapprentice.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Beginners Circle". Americanfalconry.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  7. ^ "Harris' Hawk". DK: Cyber city. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  8. ^ "Falconry". NZ Falconers Association. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
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  11. ^ Hollinshead, Martin (2006), The last Wolf Hawker: The Eagle Falconry of Friedrich Remmler, The Fernhill Press, archived from the original on 2011-09-28, retrieved 2007-06-21.
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  17. ^ Stewart, Rowan (2002), Kyrgyzstan, Odyssey, p. 182.
  18. ^ "The eagles trained to catch drones". BBC Newsround. 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2025-04-01.
  19. ^ Mogg, Trevor (2017-12-11). "Drone-catching eagles aren't such a good idea after all". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2025-04-01.
  20. ^ UAEINTERACT. "UAE Interact, United Arab Emirates information, news, photographs, maps and webcams". Uaeinteract.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  21. ^ a b "A Falconer with His Falcon near Al-Ain". World Digital Library. 1965. Archived from the original on 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
  22. ^ "Kyrgyz berkut, kyrgyz hunting eagle". Pipex. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
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  26. ^ "Falconry for Commercial Buildings". Aviaway Bird Control. Retrieved 2025-10-28.
  27. ^ Ranahan, Jared (28 January 2022). "Preying for a paycheck: The birds that work for hotels". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022.
  28. ^ "How to Become a Falconer in the UK". Falconry Course. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
  29. ^ "North American Falconers Association". N-a-f-a.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  30. ^ "International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey – Home". Iaf.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  31. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Peregrine Falcons". Endangered Species Program. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  32. ^ Cade, TJ; Burnham, W (2003), The Return of the Peregrine: a North American sage of tenacity and teamwork, The Peregrine Fund.
  33. ^ Oliphant, LW (1991), "Hybridization Between a Peregrine Falcon and a Prairie Falcon in the Wild.", The Journal of Raptor Research, 25 (2): 36–39.
  34. ^ "Welcome to Canada's oldest and most successful gyrfalcon breeding establishment". Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
  35. ^ Eaton, Mark A. (2023). "Non-native breeding birds in the UK, 2015–2020". British Birds. 116 (9): 486–507 (Harris's Hawk, p.504).
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  40. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.mefrg.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2022.cite web: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ^ Epic of Gilgamesh.
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  43. ^ Egerton, F (2003), "A History of the Ecological Sciences : Part 8: Fredrick II of Hohenstaufen: Amateur Avian Ecologist and Behaviorist" (PDF), Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 84 (1), Esa pubs: 40–44, doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2003)84[40:ahotes]2.0.co;2, archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-11-27, retrieved 2007-11-03.
  44. ^ Ferber, S (1979), Islam and The Medieval West.
  45. ^ Strutt, Joseph (1801). Cox, J. Charles (ed.). The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period. Methuen & co. p. 24. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  46. ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1959). Arabian Sands. Penguin Books. LCCN 59005809. OCLC 271090..
  47. ^ Mitchell, EB (1971) [1900], The art & practice of hawking (7th ed.), Newton, MA: Charles T. Branford, p. 291
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  51. ^ "Antigonus, Compilation of Marvellous Accounts, 28". Archived from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
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  54. ^ The Baz-Nama-Yi Nasiri. A Persian Treatise on Falconry. Translated by Phillott, DC. London: Bernard Quaritch. 1908.
  55. ^ "International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey – Role of IAF". Iaf.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  56. ^ "- intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO". Unesco.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
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  58. ^ Evans, Humphrey (1973), Falconry, an illustrated introduction, John Bartholomew & Son, ISBN 0-85152-921-6.
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  63. ^ "haggard". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  64. ^ "lure". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  65. ^ "rouse". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  66. ^ "pounce". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  67. ^ "tail". Online Etymology Dictionary.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Ash, Lydia, Modern Apprentice: site for North Americans interested in falconry. Much information for this entry was due to her research.
  • Beebe, FL; Webster, HM (2000), North American Falconry and Hunting Hawks (8th ed.), North American Falconry and Hunting Hawks, ISBN 0-685-66290-X.
  • Chenu, Jean Charles; Des Murs, Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet (1862). La fauconnerie, ancienne et moderne. Paris: Librairie L. Hachette et Cie.
  • Chiorino, G. E. (1906). Il Manuale del moderno Falconiere. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli.
  • Fernandes Ferreira (b. 1546), Diogo; Cordeiro (1844–1900), Luciano (1899). Arte da caça de altaneria. Lisbon: Lisboa Escriptorio.cite book: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Freeman, Gage Earle; Salvin, Francis Henry (1859). Falconry : Its Claims, History and Practice. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts.
  • Freeman, Gage Earle (1869). Practical falconry – to which is added, How I became a falconer. London: Horace Cox.
  • Fuertes, Louis Agassiz; Wetmore, Alexander (1920). "Falconry, the sport of kings". National Geographic Magazine. 38 (6).
  • García, Beatriz E. Candil; Hartman, Arjen E (2007), Ars Accipitraria: An Essential Dictionary for the Practice of Falconry and hawking, London: Yarak, ISBN 978-0-9555607-0-5 (the excerpt on the language of falconry comes from this book).
  • ——— (2008), The Red-tailed Hawk: The Great Unknown, London: Yarak, ISBN 978-0-9555607-4-3.
  • Harting, James Edmund (1891). Bibliotheca Accipitraria: A Catalogue of Books Ancient and Modern Relating to Falconry, with notes, glossary and vocabulary. London: Bernard Quaritch.
  • López de Ayala (1332–1407), Pedro; de la Cueva, duque de Albuquerque (d. 1492), Beltrán; de Gayangos (1809–1897), Pascual; Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio (1869). El libro de las aves de caça. Madrid: M. Galiano.cite book: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Latini (1220–1295), Brunetto; Bono (c. 1240 – c. 1292), Giamboni (1851). de Mortara, Alessandro (ed.). Scritture antiche toscane di falconeria ed alcuni capitoli nell' originale francese del Tesoro di Brunetto Latini sopra la stessa materia. Prato: Tipografia F. Alberghetti e C.cite book: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Phillott, Douglas Craven; al-Dawlah Timur Mirza, Husam (1908). The Baz-nama-yi Nasiri, a Persian treatise on falconry. London: Bernard Quaritch.
  • Riesenthal, Oskar von (1876). Die Raubvögel Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Mitteleuropas; Darstellung und Beschreibung der in Deutschland und den benachbarten Ländern von Mitteleuropa vorkommenden Raubvögel. Cassel, Germany: Verlag von Theodor Fischer.
  • Deva, Raja of Kumaon, Rudra; Shastri (tr.), Hara Prasad (1910). Syanika satra: or a book on hawking. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.
  • Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7), pp. 103–111. [1] Archived 2017-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
  • Soma, Takuya. 2013. 'Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers', Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41, pp. 10–14. [2]
[edit]
  • IAF – International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey.

 

 

The Al Fahidi Historical Neighbourhood, also called Al Bastakiya, is Dubai's historic district and major tourist destination.

Tourism in Dubai is a major part of the economy of Dubai. Dubai was the third most visited city in the world in 2023 with 17 million international visitors according to Euromonitor International.[1][2] Dubai hosts more than 800 hotels with more than 150,000 rooms.[3][4]

History

[edit]

The discovery of oil in 1966 kick-started the development of present Dubai, however Sheikh Hamad bin Maktoum (ruler from 1958 till 1990) realised one day Dubai would run out of oil and started building an economy that would outlast it.[5] A quote commonly attributed to Sheikh Rashid reflected his concern that Dubai's oil, which was discovered in 1966 and which began production in 1969, would run out within a few generations. Sheikh Rashid stated "My grandfather rode a camel, my father rode a camel, I drive a Mercedes, my son drives a Land Rover, his son will drive a Land Rover, but his son will ride a camel".[6] Sheikh Rashid realized early he needed to diversify the emirate of Dubai's economy by building on the city's trading history and therefore he set out to establish Dubai as the region's trade and service hub. By 1979, he was successful in establishing the Jebel Ali Port, which became the logical shipping centre for the entire United Arab Emirates and the world's largest man-made port. He also upgraded Dubai International Airport and built the Dubai World Trade Centre, which was then the tallest building in the Middle East. By the end of the 1970s, the stage was set for the diversification of Dubai's economy away from oil and into other areas such as tourism.[7]

In 1989 the Dubai Commerce and Tourism Promotion Board was established, to promote Dubai as a luxury destination for the up-tier market and influential business sectors. In January 1997, it was replaced with the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM).[8]

In May 2013, the government of Dubai launched the Dubai Tourism Strategy 2020, with the key objective to attract 20 million visitors a year by 2020 and making Dubai a first choice destination for international leisure travellers as well as business travellers.[9] In 2018, the strategy was expanded by setting new goals of attracting 21-23 million visitors in 2022 and 23-25 million visitors by 2025.[10] The key objectives from 2013 and 2018 were not met due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The need to maintain its tourism industry has hampered Dubai's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] Along with COVID-19 Dubai's tourism sector has also been hurt by a greater international awareness of the status of human rights in the emirate and in particular the treatment of Princess Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum.[12]

In November 2022, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid announced a national tourism strategy until 2031. The goal of the strategy is to attract Dh 100 billion in additional tourism investments (so that the tourism sector's contribution will be Dh450bn of Dubai's GDP in 2031) and receive 40 million hotel guests in 2031. The strategy includes 25 initiatives and policies to support the development of the tourism sector in the country.[13]

In April 2025, the Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism introduced a new programme offering media training to students for promotion of tourism in the UAE. Applicants are provided with flights, luxury apartment and three months of income, along with certification from Dubai College of Tourism for posting about traveling experiences in Dubai on social media. According to Middle East Eye, this program aims to whitewash its human rights violations and war crime accusations in Sudan.[14]

Visitors and visitor spending

[edit]

Since 1982, Dubai continued to be one of the fastest growing destinations for tourists. In 2002, visitors were mainly from other Gulf Cooperation Council members which accounted for 34% of tourists, South Asia accounted for 25%, other Arab states 16%, Europe 15%, and Africa 9%. In 2003, revenue from tourism exceeded $1 billion and surpassed oil revenues to directly and indirectly account for over 17% and 28% of GDP respectively.[15]

From January to June 2019 8.36 million international tourists visited Dubai. Most of the visitors were from India (997,000) followed by Saudi Arabia (755,000) and the United Kingdom (586,000).[16]

Mastercard's Global Destination Cities Index 2019 found that tourists spend more in Dubai than in any other country. In 2018, the country topped the list for the fourth year in a row with a total spend of $30.82 billion, a 3.8% increase over 2017 ($29.70 billion). The average spend per day was $553.[17]

In 2019, Dubai attracted a total of 16.73 million tourists, which was an increase of 5.09% on the previous year. However, in 2020, the number of visitors dropped to 5.51 million due to the coronavirus pandemic.[18]

 

Accommodation

[edit]
Burj Al Arab hotel

In the last three years, Dubai saw an increase in 4 and 5 star hotels and number of rooms, but a decrease in standard hotel apartments. The total number of rooms increased by 9,098 from 2015 to 2017, an increase of 9.25%. Prior to the Expo 2020 hotels in Dubai were reducing room rates to stimulate demand as supply accelerated. Based on data of August 2019, Dubai hoteliers reported a 7.6% rise in supply against 7.4% increase in demand.[31] Average room rates stood at AED 486 in June 2019 while in the same month of 2018 average room rates were at 544 AED.[32] In July 2019, Dubai's Jumeirah Group LLC fired 500 people due to a decline in tourism. In the second quarter of 2019, hospitality sector has had the worst quarter since 2009.[33]

Hotel inventory numbers 2014-2023[19]
  2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Total 5 star hotels   91 96 103 113 128 134 143 151 157
Total 5 star hotel rooms   31,551 33,122 35,853 38,543 43,133 44,067 47,035 49,585 51,809
Total 4 star hotels   106 112 122 146 158 161 181 189 194
Total 4 star hotel rooms   21,208 22,990 25,289 29,908 33,120 34,905 40,377 42,505 43,283
Total 1-3 star hotels   264 267 260 260 258 225 243 270 274
Total 1-3 star hotel rooms   19,714 21,767 21,591 22,634 24,491 21,732 25,384 28,512 28,789
Total hotel apartments (deluxe/superior)   66 66 65 68 68 74 80 82 85
Total deluxe/superior rooms   9,641 9,519 9,786 10,522 10,520 11,845 12,606 13,113 13,842
Total hotel apartments (standard)   150 140 131 129 129 117 108 112 111
Total standard rooms   16,219 15,447 14,930 14,360 14,856 14,398 12,548 12,781 12,568
Total establishments 657 677 681 681 716 741 711 755 804 821
Total available rooms 92,333 98,333 102,845 107,431 115,967 126,120 126,947 137,950 146,496 150,291
Average occupancy 79% 77% 78% 78% 76% 75% 54% 67% 73% 77%
 

Visitor Statistics

[edit]
Rank Country 6/2023 2022
1 India 1,223,000 1,842,000
5 Russia 616,000 758,000
4 United Kingdom 555,000 1,043,000
3 Saudi Arabia 538,000 1,216,000
2 Oman 511,000 1,311,000
6 United States 362,000 590,000
7 Germany 329,000 422,000
17 China 260,000 177,000
10 Iran 196,000 328,000
13 Israel 196,000 239,000
8 France 180,000 364,000
11 Egypt 168,000 288,000
12 Kuwait 152,000 260,000
9 Pakistan 152,000 356,000
14 Kazakhstan 145,000 234,000
15 Italy 130,000 212,000
19 Philippines 125,000 158,000
16 Australia 121,000 184,000
18 Canada 110,000 158,000
19 Japan 110,000 148,000

Attractions

[edit]
Al Fahidi Fort

Aspects of Dubai's old culture, while occasionally overshadowed by the boom in economic development, can be found by visiting places around the creek, which splits Dubai into two halves, Bur Dubai and Deira. The buildings lining the Bur Dubai side of the Creek provide the main flavor of the old city. Heritage Village is one of the few remaining parts of historical Dubai, containing preserved buildings. The adjoining Diving Village offers exhibits on pearl diving and fishing. The Diving Village forms part of an ambitious plan to turn the entire "Shindagha" area into a cultural city, recreating life in Dubai as it was in days gone by.

Boats on Dubai water line night view

Other attractions include the Sheikh Saeed Al Maktoum House; the Dubai Museum in the restored Al Fahidi Fort, which was erected around 1799; and the Heritage Village of Hatta, situated 115 kilometers southeast of Dubai City in the heart of the rocky Hatta Mountains. The history of the village can be traced back 2000 – 3000 years. It consists of 30 buildings, each differing in size, interior layout and building materials used. Great care was taken to use the same materials as those used when originally built during the renovation such as mud, hay, sandalwood and palm fronds. The Sharia Mosque is an old mosque built in the early 19th century using the same building materials and consists of a large prayer hall, a court and courtyard, minaret and other utility rooms.[34] Other museums include the Al Ahmadiya School.

Shopping

[edit]
Dubai Fountain at the Dubai Mall

Dubai has been nicknamed the "shopping capital of the Middle East."[35][36] The city draws large numbers of shopping tourists from countries within the region and from as far as Eastern Europe, Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. Dubai is known for its souk districts. Souk is the Arabic word for market or place where any kind of goods are brought or exchanged. Traditionally, dhows from the Far East, China, Sri Lanka, and India would discharge their cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks.[37]

Modern shopping malls and boutiques are also found in the city. Dubai Duty Free at Dubai International Airport offers merchandise catering to the multinational passengers using Dubai International Airport. Outside of Duty Free areas and major sales, Dubai has a reputation for being one of the most expensive shopping destinations in the world.[38]

While boutiques, some electronics shops, department stores and supermarkets may operate on a fixed-price basis, most other outlets consider friendly negotiation as a way of life.

Dubai's numerous shopping centres cater for every consumer's need. Cars, clothing, jewellery, electronics, furnishing, sporting equipment and any other goods will all be likely to be under the same roof.[39]

The Dubai Shopping Festival is a month-long festival held during the month of January each year. During the festival the entire emirate becomes one massive shopping mall. Additionally, the festival brings together music shows, art exhibitions, and folk dances.[40]

The Dubai Summer Surprises (DSS) is the summer version of Dubai Shopping Festival held during June, July and August. Dubai Government launched Dubai Summer Surprises in 1998 in order to promote Dubai as a family holiday destination. DSS offers fun, entertainment, food deals and great offers on shopping.

Cultural sensitivity

[edit]

Tourists are required to obey some Muslim religious restrictions in public even if they are not Muslim themselves, such as refraining from eating or drinking in public places in the daytime during Ramadan.[41]

Dubai has a modest dress code as part of its criminal law.[42] Sleeveless tops and short dresses are not encouraged at Dubai Mall.[43][44] Clothes are advised to be in appropriate lengths.[42]

Homosexuality is criminalized in Dubai, including for tourists. However, there is a vibrant underground gay scene in Dubai and authorities do not actively search for homosexuals to enforce the law.[45]

Transportation

[edit]
Dubai International Airport is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic.

Most capitals and other major cities have direct flights to Dubai. More than 120 airlines operate to and from Dubai International Airport to more than 260 destinations. Dubai International Airport is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic.[46] Dubai is also the home base of the airline Emirates, which operates scheduled services to more than 100 destinations.

In June 2009 Emirates designated a special handling area at departures and arrivals for passengers with special needs, allowing wheelchair passengers to receive a more personalized service.[47][better source needed]

The establishment of the first cruise terminal in Dubai in 2001 and the opening of the enhanced New Dubai Cruise Terminal in February 2010 with higher handling capacity has drawn the attention of cruise line operators. Cruises to Dubai sail from: Singapore, Sydney, Athens, Dover, Venice, Cape Town, Civitavecchia, Piraeus, Alexandria, Istanbul, New York City, Southampton, Barcelona, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Los Angeles, Mumbai, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Monte Carlo, Mombasa, Victoria, and Cairns among others.[48][better source needed]

The United Arab Emirates has a network of roads that connect major towns and villages, including a multi-lane highway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, with access to and from the bordering countries of Saudi Arabia and Oman. Highways and main roads in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates are designated by an Emirate Route Number. Speed limits are displayed on road signs and are usually 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph) around town and 100–120 km/h (62–75 mph) elsewhere.[49][better source needed]

Dubai ranked third in the best taxi services behind Tokyo and Singapore.[50][better source needed]

Illicit drugs

[edit]

Travelers entering Dubai are warned for harsh penalties regarding illicit drug use or smuggling. Authorities in Dubai use highly sensitive equipment to conduct thorough searches to find trace amount of illegal substances.[51] A senior Dubai judge was quoted on February 11, 2008, by the Dubai City News saying, "These laws help discourage anyone from carrying or using drugs. Even if the quantity of illegal drugs found on someone is 0.05 grams, they will be found guilty. The penalty is a minimum of four years. The message is clear — drugs will not be tolerated."[51]

Health

[edit]

No special immunizations are required, but tourists are encouraged to purchase appropriate medical insurance before travelling. Government immunization programs have led to recognition by a travel magazine.[47] As a latest addition to the established modern health care system, Dubai offers online health care contacts of virtually all medical doctors in Dubai.[52]

Sports tourism

[edit]

Dubai hosts the following international championships:

  • Dubai World Cup – the richest horse race in the world
  • Dubai Classic - the golf championship
  • Barclays Dubai Tennis for both men and women
  • UIM World Powerboat racing
  • Rugby Sevens
  • Dubai International Rally
  • Dubai Snooker Classic
  • The UAE Desert Challenge
  • The Standard Chartered Dubai Marathon

See also

[edit]
  • Developments in Dubai
  • List of development projects in Dubai
  • List of tourist attractions in the United Arab Emirates
  • Palm Islands

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  2. ^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Two of the most-visited cities in the world are in Turkey - this one is the unsung hero". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  2. ^ Kelly, Liv (2 February 2024). "This surprising city was the world's most visited in 2023". TimeOut.
  3. ^ "Dubai to host ATM 2024; city has 150,000 rooms and welcomed 17m tourists last year". Arabian Business. 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  4. ^ "Enterprise". Enterprise. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  5. ^ "Dubai Tourist Information". Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  6. ^ Gluckman, Ron. "Hong Kong of the Desert?". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  7. ^ Sharpley, Richard (2009). Tourism Development and the Environment:Beyond Sustainability?. Earthscan. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-84407-732-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  8. ^ "Sorry, the page you requested was not found". www.zu.ac.ae. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved Jan 30, 2020.
  9. ^ "Dubai Department of Tourism Vision". www.visitdubai.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  10. ^ Bridge, Sam (5 October 2018). "Dubai expands tourism ambitions, sets new target for 2025". ArabianBusiness.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  11. ^ Saifi, Zeena; Defterios, John; Swan, Melanie (6 February 2021). "How Dubai is paying the price for letting in tourists". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  12. ^ Abdellatif, Reem (5 March 2021). "Dubai Faces Festering Tourism Challenges Beyond Pandemic". skift.com. Skift. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  13. ^ National, The (November 11, 2022). "Sheikh Mohammed launches national tourism strategy to attract 40m hotel guests by 2031". The National.
  14. ^ "UAE launches influencer academy to 'whitewash' country's reputation, say critics". Middle East Eye. 30 April 2025.
  15. ^ a b Henderson, Joan c. (2006). "Tourism in Dubai: Overcoming Barriers to Destination Development". International Journal of Tourism Research. 8 (6): 84–85. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.606.2930. doi:10.1002/jtr.557. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  16. ^ "8.36 million tourists visit Dubai in first half of 2019". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  17. ^ "At $30 billion, Dubai takes in the most global tourist dollars by far". Consultancy-ME. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  18. ^ "Dubai Tourism Statistics - Visitor Numbers, Number Of Hotels And Rooms". Dubai Online. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  19. ^ a b "About Dubai Tourism - DTCM Statistics & Performance | Visit Dubai". www.visitdubai.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
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[edit]
  • Visit Dubai Official Instagram
  • Dubai travel guide from Wikivoyage

 

About 23 Marina Tower - Dubai - United Arab Emirates

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https://cappadociahotballoon.com/about-us/

Yes Hot Air Balloon flights depend on weather conditions and may be rescheduled if conditions are unsafe.

Children can join a Hot Air Balloon ride subject to minimum age and height requirements set by the operator.

A Hot Air Balloon ride typically lasts between forty five minutes to one hour depending on weather conditions.