Expat Quad Biking Dubai

Expat Quad Biking Dubai

Quad Biking Dubai Cancellation Policy

Expat Quad Biking Dubai


For many expats, Dubai is a kaleidoscope: towering glass, immaculate malls, polished boardrooms.

Quad Biking Dubai Cancellation Policy

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But the city's truest thrill begins where the asphalt ends. Drive twenty minutes past the last petrol station, watch the skyline dissolve in the rearview mirror, and you'll find the rolling waves of the Arabian Desert-soft, golden, and rugged all at once. This is where expat quad biking in Dubai becomes more than a tourist activity. It's a weekly ritual, a stress release, and a way to feel at home in a land that can feel both temporary and timeless.


You don't need to be a seasoned rider to understand the draw. The desert has a hush to it, broken only by the thrum of engines and the hiss of sand under tires. The first time you point the nose of a quad toward a steep dune, your heart stutters. It looks impossible-too soft, too steep. Then the throttle rolls on, the machine climbs with surprising ease, and the dune's crest unfurls like a secret. From up there, the city feels far away.

Quad Biking Dubai Cancellation Policy

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It's just you, the light, the long sweep of dunes, and a small convoy of people who, like you, came here from elsewhere and stayed for reasons both sensible and spiritual.


Most expats discover quad biking through friends or colleagues. On WhatsApp chats and expat Facebook groups, someone always suggests “Lahbab at sunrise” or “Big Red on Friday.” Lahbab, with its iron-rich red dunes, is a favorite. So is Al Badayer-“Big Red”-a landmark dune visible from the Hatta road.

Quad Biking Dubai Cancellation Policy

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Al Qudra, closer to the city, offers gentler lines perfect for beginners. Operators cluster like oases on the edge of the sand: rows of quads, helmets stacked in neat pyramids, guides in mirrored sunglasses who've spent their lives reading dunes the way sailors read waves.


A standard session lasts an hour or two. Most bikes are automatic, usually 250cc to 400cc, tuned for torque and forgiving enough for newbies. After a quick safety briefing, you'll practice the basics: weight shifting, steady throttle, and spacing between riders. Quad Biking Tours Dubai . That last one is important. Sand is alive; it moves as you ride, and a misjudged follow can turn into a soft crash. The rules are simple: climb dunes at an angle, not straight over the crest; avoid hard braking on descents; never cut across someone's line. Helmets aren't negotiable. Goggles help, as does a scarf, sunscreen, and closed shoes. Water is non-negotiable too.


The best time to go is between October and April when dawns are cool and sunsets linger. Summer sessions happen, but they're either at first light or after dark, and the heat turns the desert into a classroom on hydration and humility. When the weather is kind, quad biking becomes social as much as sport. Expats gather in mixed groups: colleagues from Media City, teachers, engineers, baristas who know every café in Jumeirah but still perk up for a late-night ride under a sky scattered with improbable stars. There's usually someone on their first ride. There's usually a veteran who knows a “quiet patch” where the sand is smooth and the dunes unscarred.


Costs vary with the season and engine size, but a 60- to 90-minute guided ride is typically within reach for most weekend budgets. Operators often package quad biking with sandboarding, camel rides, or a barbecue at a desert camp. If you're not looking for frills, you can book a straight ride-and-go session, often with pickup from your apartment or a meeting point. And if you fall in love with it-as many do-you'll soon be swapping advice about upgrading to a 400cc, debating the merits of paddles versus all-purpose tires, and learning the names of dunes like locals learn the names of streets.


What makes expat quad biking in Dubai special isn't just the thrill; it's the comfort it brings to transient lives. The desert is open to everyone. It doesn't care what visa you hold, how long you'll stay, or what title sits under your email signature. It offers a shared language: throttle, traction, laughter when someone buries a wheel and everyone pitches in to dig it out. On Fridays, you can watch teams move like choreographed crews-one rider scouting a line, two spotting the crest, another coming up steady, all of them cheering when the bike crests cleanly and floats down the backside like a sled.


With that joy comes responsibility. The desert is fragile, even if it looks endless. Respect the marked areas. Give wildlife and camel farms a wide berth.

Couple Quad Biking Dubai

  1. Quad Biking Dubai Booking Requirements
  2. Quad Biking Dubai Weather
  3. Expat Quad Biking Dubai
  4. Sand Dune Quad Biking Dubai
  5. Controlled Quad Biking Dubai
  6. Memorable Quad Biking Dubai
Don't litter-sand doesn't forgive plastic bottles. Keep noise down if you pass family spots where people picnic and kids chase kites. During Ramadan, ride with extra sensitivity to local customs, timing, and modesty. If you go off on your own-something best reserved for riders with experience-carry recovery gear, a basic first-aid kit, GPS, and tell someone your planned route.


There's also the mental math of safety and legality. Helmet laws are enforced by operators and expected by insurance. Many tour providers set a minimum age for solo riders and will pair younger teens as passengers with guides. If you're renting privately, inspect the bike-brakes, throttle response, kill switch-and ask about insurance and recovery policies. Desert weather changes fast; so does sand texture after wind or rain. If you're unsure, book a guide. The small cost buys expertise you can't YouTube in real time.


And yet, for all the caution and planning, the essence is beautifully simple.

Couple Quad Biking Dubai

  • Yamaha Grizzly Quad Biking Dubai
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  • Quad Biking Dubai Sunset Tour
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You set out early. The city's glow dims in the rear. The air smells faintly mineral and clean. A guide points to a line across the dune's face and you follow, a tentative arc that becomes bolder your second, third, tenth time. The sun climbs and the desert changes color-apricot to gold to bone-white glare. You stop, sip water, take the obligatory photo with helmets tipped like trophies. On the way back, the sand you carved an hour earlier has already softened; the desert forgets quickly, which is part of its charm.


Later, washed of sand and sun-tired, you'll find yourself thinking in dunes: how each obstacle is really a matter of angle, momentum, and faith. That lesson has a way of sneaking into the rest of life-work setbacks, visa renewals, the odd homesick Sunday. You learn to read the terrain, to trust the line, to keep a little throttle on through the soft stuff.


That's the secret heart of expat quad biking in Dubai. It's adventure, yes. It's community, certainly. But it's also a quiet apprenticeship to a landscape that asks you to be present, to respect its power, and to find your balance on the shifting ground beneath you. In a city famous for reinvention, the desert hands you an older instruction: steady hands, open eyes, and momentum where it matters.

Quad Biking Tours Dubai

 

The Al Fahidi Historical Neighbourhood, also called Al Bastakiya, is Dubai's historic district and major tourist destination.

Tourism in Dubai is a major part of the economy of Dubai. Dubai was the third most visited city in the world in 2023 with 17 million international visitors according to Euromonitor International.[1][2] Dubai hosts more than 800 hotels with more than 150,000 rooms.[3][4]

History

[edit]

The discovery of oil in 1966 kick-started the development of present Dubai, however Sheikh Hamad bin Maktoum (ruler from 1958 till 1990) realised one day Dubai would run out of oil and started building an economy that would outlast it.[5] A quote commonly attributed to Sheikh Rashid reflected his concern that Dubai's oil, which was discovered in 1966 and which began production in 1969, would run out within a few generations. Sheikh Rashid stated "My grandfather rode a camel, my father rode a camel, I drive a Mercedes, my son drives a Land Rover, his son will drive a Land Rover, but his son will ride a camel".[6] Sheikh Rashid realized early he needed to diversify the emirate of Dubai's economy by building on the city's trading history and therefore he set out to establish Dubai as the region's trade and service hub. By 1979, he was successful in establishing the Jebel Ali Port, which became the logical shipping centre for the entire United Arab Emirates and the world's largest man-made port. He also upgraded Dubai International Airport and built the Dubai World Trade Centre, which was then the tallest building in the Middle East. By the end of the 1970s, the stage was set for the diversification of Dubai's economy away from oil and into other areas such as tourism.[7]

In 1989 the Dubai Commerce and Tourism Promotion Board was established, to promote Dubai as a luxury destination for the up-tier market and influential business sectors. In January 1997, it was replaced with the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM).[8]

In May 2013, the government of Dubai launched the Dubai Tourism Strategy 2020, with the key objective to attract 20 million visitors a year by 2020 and making Dubai a first choice destination for international leisure travellers as well as business travellers.[9] In 2018, the strategy was expanded by setting new goals of attracting 21-23 million visitors in 2022 and 23-25 million visitors by 2025.[10] The key objectives from 2013 and 2018 were not met due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The need to maintain its tourism industry has hampered Dubai's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] Along with COVID-19 Dubai's tourism sector has also been hurt by a greater international awareness of the status of human rights in the emirate and in particular the treatment of Princess Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum.[12]

In November 2022, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid announced a national tourism strategy until 2031. The goal of the strategy is to attract Dh 100 billion in additional tourism investments (so that the tourism sector's contribution will be Dh450bn of Dubai's GDP in 2031) and receive 40 million hotel guests in 2031. The strategy includes 25 initiatives and policies to support the development of the tourism sector in the country.[13]

In April 2025, the Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism introduced a new programme offering media training to students for promotion of tourism in the UAE. Applicants are provided with flights, luxury apartment and three months of income, along with certification from Dubai College of Tourism for posting about traveling experiences in Dubai on social media. According to Middle East Eye, this program aims to whitewash its human rights violations and war crime accusations in Sudan.[14]

Visitors and visitor spending

[edit]

Since 1982, Dubai continued to be one of the fastest growing destinations for tourists. In 2002, visitors were mainly from other Gulf Cooperation Council members which accounted for 34% of tourists, South Asia accounted for 25%, other Arab states 16%, Europe 15%, and Africa 9%. In 2003, revenue from tourism exceeded $1 billion and surpassed oil revenues to directly and indirectly account for over 17% and 28% of GDP respectively.[15]

From January to June 2019 8.36 million international tourists visited Dubai. Most of the visitors were from India (997,000) followed by Saudi Arabia (755,000) and the United Kingdom (586,000).[16]

Mastercard's Global Destination Cities Index 2019 found that tourists spend more in Dubai than in any other country. In 2018, the country topped the list for the fourth year in a row with a total spend of $30.82 billion, a 3.8% increase over 2017 ($29.70 billion). The average spend per day was $553.[17]

In 2019, Dubai attracted a total of 16.73 million tourists, which was an increase of 5.09% on the previous year. However, in 2020, the number of visitors dropped to 5.51 million due to the coronavirus pandemic.[18]

 

Accommodation

[edit]
Burj Al Arab hotel

In the last three years, Dubai saw an increase in 4 and 5 star hotels and number of rooms, but a decrease in standard hotel apartments. The total number of rooms increased by 9,098 from 2015 to 2017, an increase of 9.25%. Prior to the Expo 2020 hotels in Dubai were reducing room rates to stimulate demand as supply accelerated. Based on data of August 2019, Dubai hoteliers reported a 7.6% rise in supply against 7.4% increase in demand.[31] Average room rates stood at AED 486 in June 2019 while in the same month of 2018 average room rates were at 544 AED.[32] In July 2019, Dubai's Jumeirah Group LLC fired 500 people due to a decline in tourism. In the second quarter of 2019, hospitality sector has had the worst quarter since 2009.[33]

Hotel inventory numbers 2014-2023[19]
  2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Total 5 star hotels   91 96 103 113 128 134 143 151 157
Total 5 star hotel rooms   31,551 33,122 35,853 38,543 43,133 44,067 47,035 49,585 51,809
Total 4 star hotels   106 112 122 146 158 161 181 189 194
Total 4 star hotel rooms   21,208 22,990 25,289 29,908 33,120 34,905 40,377 42,505 43,283
Total 1-3 star hotels   264 267 260 260 258 225 243 270 274
Total 1-3 star hotel rooms   19,714 21,767 21,591 22,634 24,491 21,732 25,384 28,512 28,789
Total hotel apartments (deluxe/superior)   66 66 65 68 68 74 80 82 85
Total deluxe/superior rooms   9,641 9,519 9,786 10,522 10,520 11,845 12,606 13,113 13,842
Total hotel apartments (standard)   150 140 131 129 129 117 108 112 111
Total standard rooms   16,219 15,447 14,930 14,360 14,856 14,398 12,548 12,781 12,568
Total establishments 657 677 681 681 716 741 711 755 804 821
Total available rooms 92,333 98,333 102,845 107,431 115,967 126,120 126,947 137,950 146,496 150,291
Average occupancy 79% 77% 78% 78% 76% 75% 54% 67% 73% 77%
 

Visitor Statistics

[edit]
Rank Country 6/2023 2022
1 India 1,223,000 1,842,000
5 Russia 616,000 758,000
4 United Kingdom 555,000 1,043,000
3 Saudi Arabia 538,000 1,216,000
2 Oman 511,000 1,311,000
6 United States 362,000 590,000
7 Germany 329,000 422,000
17 China 260,000 177,000
10 Iran 196,000 328,000
13 Israel 196,000 239,000
8 France 180,000 364,000
11 Egypt 168,000 288,000
12 Kuwait 152,000 260,000
9 Pakistan 152,000 356,000
14 Kazakhstan 145,000 234,000
15 Italy 130,000 212,000
19 Philippines 125,000 158,000
16 Australia 121,000 184,000
18 Canada 110,000 158,000
19 Japan 110,000 148,000

Attractions

[edit]
Al Fahidi Fort

Aspects of Dubai's old culture, while occasionally overshadowed by the boom in economic development, can be found by visiting places around the creek, which splits Dubai into two halves, Bur Dubai and Deira. The buildings lining the Bur Dubai side of the Creek provide the main flavor of the old city. Heritage Village is one of the few remaining parts of historical Dubai, containing preserved buildings. The adjoining Diving Village offers exhibits on pearl diving and fishing. The Diving Village forms part of an ambitious plan to turn the entire "Shindagha" area into a cultural city, recreating life in Dubai as it was in days gone by.

Boats on Dubai water line night view

Other attractions include the Sheikh Saeed Al Maktoum House; the Dubai Museum in the restored Al Fahidi Fort, which was erected around 1799; and the Heritage Village of Hatta, situated 115 kilometers southeast of Dubai City in the heart of the rocky Hatta Mountains. The history of the village can be traced back 2000 – 3000 years. It consists of 30 buildings, each differing in size, interior layout and building materials used. Great care was taken to use the same materials as those used when originally built during the renovation such as mud, hay, sandalwood and palm fronds. The Sharia Mosque is an old mosque built in the early 19th century using the same building materials and consists of a large prayer hall, a court and courtyard, minaret and other utility rooms.[34] Other museums include the Al Ahmadiya School.

Shopping

[edit]
Dubai Fountain at the Dubai Mall

Dubai has been nicknamed the "shopping capital of the Middle East."[35][36] The city draws large numbers of shopping tourists from countries within the region and from as far as Eastern Europe, Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. Dubai is known for its souk districts. Souk is the Arabic word for market or place where any kind of goods are brought or exchanged. Traditionally, dhows from the Far East, China, Sri Lanka, and India would discharge their cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks.[37]

Modern shopping malls and boutiques are also found in the city. Dubai Duty Free at Dubai International Airport offers merchandise catering to the multinational passengers using Dubai International Airport. Outside of Duty Free areas and major sales, Dubai has a reputation for being one of the most expensive shopping destinations in the world.[38]

While boutiques, some electronics shops, department stores and supermarkets may operate on a fixed-price basis, most other outlets consider friendly negotiation as a way of life.

Dubai's numerous shopping centres cater for every consumer's need. Cars, clothing, jewellery, electronics, furnishing, sporting equipment and any other goods will all be likely to be under the same roof.[39]

The Dubai Shopping Festival is a month-long festival held during the month of January each year. During the festival the entire emirate becomes one massive shopping mall. Additionally, the festival brings together music shows, art exhibitions, and folk dances.[40]

The Dubai Summer Surprises (DSS) is the summer version of Dubai Shopping Festival held during June, July and August. Dubai Government launched Dubai Summer Surprises in 1998 in order to promote Dubai as a family holiday destination. DSS offers fun, entertainment, food deals and great offers on shopping.

Cultural sensitivity

[edit]

Tourists are required to obey some Muslim religious restrictions in public even if they are not Muslim themselves, such as refraining from eating or drinking in public places in the daytime during Ramadan.[41]

Dubai has a modest dress code as part of its criminal law.[42] Sleeveless tops and short dresses are not encouraged at Dubai Mall.[43][44] Clothes are advised to be in appropriate lengths.[42]

Homosexuality is criminalized in Dubai, including for tourists. However, there is a vibrant underground gay scene in Dubai and authorities do not actively search for homosexuals to enforce the law.[45]

Transportation

[edit]
Dubai International Airport is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic.

Most capitals and other major cities have direct flights to Dubai. More than 120 airlines operate to and from Dubai International Airport to more than 260 destinations. Dubai International Airport is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic.[46] Dubai is also the home base of the airline Emirates, which operates scheduled services to more than 100 destinations.

In June 2009 Emirates designated a special handling area at departures and arrivals for passengers with special needs, allowing wheelchair passengers to receive a more personalized service.[47][better source needed]

The establishment of the first cruise terminal in Dubai in 2001 and the opening of the enhanced New Dubai Cruise Terminal in February 2010 with higher handling capacity has drawn the attention of cruise line operators. Cruises to Dubai sail from: Singapore, Sydney, Athens, Dover, Venice, Cape Town, Civitavecchia, Piraeus, Alexandria, Istanbul, New York City, Southampton, Barcelona, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Los Angeles, Mumbai, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Monte Carlo, Mombasa, Victoria, and Cairns among others.[48][better source needed]

The United Arab Emirates has a network of roads that connect major towns and villages, including a multi-lane highway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, with access to and from the bordering countries of Saudi Arabia and Oman. Highways and main roads in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates are designated by an Emirate Route Number. Speed limits are displayed on road signs and are usually 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph) around town and 100–120 km/h (62–75 mph) elsewhere.[49][better source needed]

Dubai ranked third in the best taxi services behind Tokyo and Singapore.[50][better source needed]

Illicit drugs

[edit]

Travelers entering Dubai are warned for harsh penalties regarding illicit drug use or smuggling. Authorities in Dubai use highly sensitive equipment to conduct thorough searches to find trace amount of illegal substances.[51] A senior Dubai judge was quoted on February 11, 2008, by the Dubai City News saying, "These laws help discourage anyone from carrying or using drugs. Even if the quantity of illegal drugs found on someone is 0.05 grams, they will be found guilty. The penalty is a minimum of four years. The message is clear — drugs will not be tolerated."[51]

Health

[edit]

No special immunizations are required, but tourists are encouraged to purchase appropriate medical insurance before travelling. Government immunization programs have led to recognition by a travel magazine.[47] As a latest addition to the established modern health care system, Dubai offers online health care contacts of virtually all medical doctors in Dubai.[52]

Sports tourism

[edit]

Dubai hosts the following international championships:

  • Dubai World Cup – the richest horse race in the world
  • Dubai Classic - the golf championship
  • Barclays Dubai Tennis for both men and women
  • UIM World Powerboat racing
  • Rugby Sevens
  • Dubai International Rally
  • Dubai Snooker Classic
  • The UAE Desert Challenge
  • The Standard Chartered Dubai Marathon

See also

[edit]
  • Developments in Dubai
  • List of development projects in Dubai
  • List of tourist attractions in the United Arab Emirates
  • Palm Islands

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  2. ^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Two of the most-visited cities in the world are in Turkey - this one is the unsung hero". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  2. ^ Kelly, Liv (2 February 2024). "This surprising city was the world's most visited in 2023". TimeOut.
  3. ^ "Dubai to host ATM 2024; city has 150,000 rooms and welcomed 17m tourists last year". Arabian Business. 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  4. ^ "Enterprise". Enterprise. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
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  6. ^ Gluckman, Ron. "Hong Kong of the Desert?". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  7. ^ Sharpley, Richard (2009). Tourism Development and the Environment:Beyond Sustainability?. Earthscan. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-84407-732-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  8. ^ "Sorry, the page you requested was not found". www.zu.ac.ae. Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved Jan 30, 2020.
  9. ^ "Dubai Department of Tourism Vision". www.visitdubai.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  10. ^ Bridge, Sam (5 October 2018). "Dubai expands tourism ambitions, sets new target for 2025". ArabianBusiness.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  11. ^ Saifi, Zeena; Defterios, John; Swan, Melanie (6 February 2021). "How Dubai is paying the price for letting in tourists". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  12. ^ Abdellatif, Reem (5 March 2021). "Dubai Faces Festering Tourism Challenges Beyond Pandemic". skift.com. Skift. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  13. ^ National, The (November 11, 2022). "Sheikh Mohammed launches national tourism strategy to attract 40m hotel guests by 2031". The National.
  14. ^ "UAE launches influencer academy to 'whitewash' country's reputation, say critics". Middle East Eye. 30 April 2025.
  15. ^ a b Henderson, Joan c. (2006). "Tourism in Dubai: Overcoming Barriers to Destination Development". International Journal of Tourism Research. 8 (6): 84–85. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.606.2930. doi:10.1002/jtr.557. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  16. ^ "8.36 million tourists visit Dubai in first half of 2019". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  17. ^ "At $30 billion, Dubai takes in the most global tourist dollars by far". Consultancy-ME. 6 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  18. ^ "Dubai Tourism Statistics - Visitor Numbers, Number Of Hotels And Rooms". Dubai Online. Archived from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  19. ^ a b "About Dubai Tourism - DTCM Statistics & Performance | Visit Dubai". www.visitdubai.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  20. ^ "Dubai tourism: number of visitors 2016". Statista. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  21. ^ "Dubai received 15.92 million visitors in 2018 with most coming from India". The National. 24 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  22. ^ Fernandes, Cedwyn; Karnik, Ajit V. (2010). "Estimating Elasticity of Demand for Tourism in Dubai". Tourism Analysis. 15: 57–69. doi:10.3727/108354210X12724734223630. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved Jan 30, 2020 – via www.academia.edu.
  23. ^ "Dubai welcomes 16.73 million tourists in 2019". Gulf Business. Jan 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved Jan 30, 2020.
  24. ^ "UAE Tourism Statistics 1995-2021". www.macrotrends.net. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  25. ^ a b "Dubai hotels registered $4.1 bn revenues in 2008". The Economic Times. 10 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  26. ^ Stephenson, Marcus L.; Ali-Knight, Jane (December 1, 2010). "Dubai's tourism industry and its societal impact: social implications and sustainable challenges". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 8 (4): 278–292. doi:10.1080/14766825.2010.521248. S2CID 115152557 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  27. ^ Jain, Shweta (4 May 2010). "SPECIAL: Dubai's tourism sector bounces back - eb247 - News - National - Emirates24|7". www.emirates247.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  28. ^ "Dubai receives 14.36 million international visitors in 2022".
  29. ^ "Dubai annual visitor report 2023".
  30. ^ "Tourism Performance Report January - December 2024".
  31. ^ Bridge, Sam (12 September 2019). "Dubai hotels cut room rates to stimulate demand as supply accelerates". ArabianBusiness.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  32. ^ Jr, Bernd Debusmann (29 August 2019). "Dubai hotel room rates fall, despite rise in occupancy". ArabianBusiness.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  33. ^ Parasie, Nicolas; Pacheco, Filipe (29 July 2019). "Dubai's Jumeirah Cuts 500 Jobs as Tourism Industry Struggles". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
  34. ^ "Luxury Hotels Europe, Middle East & Far East - Jumeirah". www.jumeirah.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-22.
  35. ^ "Shopping in dubai". Archived from the original on 2006-06-25.
  36. ^ "Shopping Guide in Dubai". Shopping Galore in Dubai. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  37. ^ "Souq - DataDubai". Archived from the original on 2007-03-12.
  38. ^ "How expensive is Dubai? A Budget for staying in Dubai". Travelaar. 2018-05-04. Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  39. ^ "Shopping at Dubai, Dubai Shopping Centers and Malls". www.dubai.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  40. ^ "Dubai Shopping". www.mydsf.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
  41. ^ "Russian woman put in jail in Dubai for drinking juice in public", Pravda, 2008-09-23, archived from the original on 2015-02-03, retrieved 2010-04-08
  42. ^ a b "Know more about the Criminal Law of Dubai". Oct 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  43. ^ "Dubai Mall dress code". Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
  44. ^ "UAE: Dress Code Campaign Urges Extra Inches of Clothing · Global Voices". Jun 24, 2012. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  45. ^ Boone, Jon (13 October 2017). "What not to do in Dubai". www.independent.co.uk. The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  46. ^ "ACI World data reveals COVID-19's impact on world's busiest airports". www.aci.aero. 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  47. ^ a b "Travel Tips to Visit Dubai | Dubai.com". www.dubai.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved Sep 27, 2019.
  48. ^ "Cruise Hub of the Region". Dubai Tourism. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  49. ^ "Routes to Dubai". Definitely Dubai. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  50. ^ "Tourists rate Dubai taxis, shopping to top list". Khaleej Times. 20 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  51. ^ a b Paul McLennan and Ali Al-Shouk (2008-02-11). "Tourists get drug warning". Dubai City News. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  52. ^ "Gulf News". Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
[edit]
  • Visit Dubai Official Instagram
  • Dubai travel guide from Wikivoyage

 

Redirect to:

  • Al Marmoom Desert Conservation Reserve
  • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.

 

 

Polaris
 
Location of Polaris (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Ursa Minor
Pronunciation /pəˈlɛərɪs, -ˈlær-/;
UK: /pəˈlɑːrɪs/[1]
α UMi A
Right ascension 02h 31m 49.09s[2]
Declination +89° 15′ 50.8″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V) 1.98[3] (1.86 – 2.13)[4]
α UMi B
Right ascension 02h 30m 41.63s[5]
Declination +89° 15′ 38.1″[5]
Apparent magnitude (V) 8.7[3]
Characteristics
α UMi A
Spectral type F7Ib + F6V[6]
U−B color index 0.38[3]
B−V color index 0.60[3]
Variable type Classical Cepheid[4]
α UMi B
Spectral type F3V[3]
U−B color index 0.01[7]
B−V color index 0.42[7]
Variable type suspected[4]
Astrometry
 
Radial velocity (Rv) −17[8] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 44.48±0.11[2] mas/yr
Dec.: −11.85±0.13[2] mas/yr
Parallax (π) 7.54±0.11 mas[2]
Distance 446.5±1.1 ly
(136.90±0.34 pc)[9]
Absolute magnitude (MV) −3.6 (α UMi Aa)[3]
3.6 (α UMi Ab)[3]
3.1 (α UMi B)[3]
 
Position (relative to α UMi Aa)
 
Component α UMi Ab
Epoch of observation 2005.5880
Angular distance 0.172″
Position angle 231.4°
Position (relative to α UMi Aa)
 
Component α UMi B
Epoch of observation 2005.5880
Angular distance 18.217″
Position angle 230.540°
Orbit[9]
Primary α UMi Aa
Companion α UMi Ab
Period (P) 29.416±0.028 yr
Semi-major axis (a) 0.12955±0.00205"
(≥2.90±0.03 AU[10])
Eccentricity (e) 0.6354±0.0066
Inclination (i) 127.57±1.22°
Longitude of the node (Ω) 201.28±1.18°
Periastron epoch (T) 2016.831±0.044
Argument of periastron (ω)
(primary)
304.54±0.84°
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary)
3.762±0.025 km/s
Details
α UMi Aa
Mass 5.13±0.28[9] M
Radius 46.27±0.42[9] R
Luminosity (bolometric) 1,260[11] L
Surface gravity (log g) 2.2[12] cgs
Temperature 6015[7] K
Metallicity 112% solar[13]
Rotation 119 days[6]
Rotational velocity (v sin i) 14[6] km/s
Age 45 - 67?[14][15] Myr
 
 
α UMi Ab
Mass 1.316[9] M
Radius 1.04[3] R
Luminosity (bolometric) 3[3] L
Age >500?[15] Myr
α UMi B
Mass 1.39[3] M
Radius 1.38[7] R
Luminosity (bolometric) 3.9[7] L
Surface gravity (log g) 4.3[7] cgs
Temperature 6900[7] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i) 110[7] km/s
Age 1.5?[14][15] Gyr
Other designations
Polaris, North Star, Cynosura, Alpha UMi, α UMi, ADS 1477, CCDM J02319+8915
α UMi A: 1 Ursae Minoris, BD+88°8, FK5 907, GC 2243, HD 8890, HIP 11767, HR 424, SAO 308
α UMi B: NSV 631, BD+88°7, GC 2226, SAO 305
Database references
SIMBAD α UMi A
  α UMi B

Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris (Latinized to Alpha Ursae Minoris) and is commonly called the North Star. With an apparent magnitude that fluctuates around 1.98,[3] it is the brightest star in the constellation and is readily visible to the naked eye at night.[16] The position of the star lies less than 1° away from the north celestial pole, making it the current northern pole star. The stable position of the star in the Northern Sky makes it useful for navigation.[17]

Although appearing to the naked eye as a single point of light, Polaris is a triple star system, composed of the primary, a yellow supergiant designated Polaris Aa, in orbit with a smaller companion, Polaris Ab; the pair is almost certainly[14] in a wider orbit with Polaris B. The outer companion B was discovered in August 1779 by William Herschel, with the inner Aa/Ab pair only confirmed in the early 20th century.

As the closest Cepheid variable, Polaris Aa's distance is a foundational part of the cosmic distance ladder. The revised Hipparcos stellar parallax gives a distance to Polaris A of about 432 light-years (ly) (133 parsecs (pc)), while the successor mission Gaia gives a distance of 446.5 ly (136.9 pc) for Polaris B[9][a].

Stellar system

[edit]
Polaris components as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope

Polaris Aa is an evolved yellow supergiant of spectral type F7Ib with 5.4 solar masses (M). It is the first classical Cepheid to have a mass determined from its orbit. The two smaller companions are Polaris B, a 1.39 M F3 main-sequence star orbiting at a distance of 2,400 astronomical units (AU),[18] and Polaris Ab (or P), a very close F6 main-sequence star with a mass of 1.26 M.[3] In January 2006, NASA released images, from the Hubble telescope, that showed the three members of the Polaris ternary system.[19][20]

Polaris B can be resolved with a modest telescope. William Herschel discovered the star in August 1779 using a reflecting telescope of his own, one of the best telescopes of the time.[21]

The variable radial velocity of Polaris A was reported by W. W. Campbell in 1899, which suggested this star is a binary system.[22] Since Polaris A is a known cepheid variable, J. H. Moore in 1927 demonstrated that the changes in velocity along the line of sight were due to a combination of the four-day pulsation period combined with a much longer orbital period and a large eccentricity of around 0.6.[23] Moore published preliminary orbital elements of the system in 1929, giving an orbital period of about 29.7 years with an eccentricity of 0.63. This period was confirmed by proper motion studies performed by B. P. Gerasimovič in 1939.[24]

As part of her doctoral thesis, in 1955 E. Roemer used radial velocity data to derive an orbital period of 30.46 y for the Polaris A system, with an eccentricity of 0.64.[25] K. W. Kamper in 1996 produced refined elements with a period of 29.59±0.02 years and an eccentricity of 0.608±0.005.[26] In 2019, a study by R. I. Anderson gave a period of 29.32±0.11 years with an eccentricity of 0.620±0.008.[10]

There were once thought to be two more widely separated components—Polaris C and Polaris D—but these have been shown not to be physically associated with the Polaris system.[18][27]

Observation

[edit]

Variability

[edit]
A light curve for Polaris, plotted from TESS data[28]

Polaris Aa, the supergiant primary component, is a low-amplitude population I classical Cepheid variable, although it was once thought to be a type II Cepheid due to its high galactic latitude. Cepheids constitute an important standard candle for determining distance, so Polaris, as the closest such star,[10] is heavily studied. The variability of Polaris had been suspected since 1852; this variation was confirmed by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1911.[29]

The range of brightness of Polaris is given as 1.86–2.13,[4] but the amplitude has changed since discovery. Prior to 1963, the amplitude was over 0.1 magnitude and was very gradually decreasing. After 1966, it very rapidly decreased until it was less than 0.05 magnitude; since then, it has erratically varied near that range. It has been reported that the amplitude is now increasing again, a reversal not seen in any other Cepheid.[6]

The period, roughly 4 days, has also changed over time. It has steadily increased by around 4.5 seconds per year except for a hiatus in 1963–1965. This was originally thought to be due to secular redward evolution across the Cepheid instability strip, but it may be due to interference between the primary and the first-overtone pulsation modes.[20][30][31] Authors disagree on whether Polaris is a fundamental or first-overtone pulsator and on whether it is crossing the instability strip for the first time or not.[11][31][32]

The temperature of Polaris varies by only a small amount during its pulsations, but the amplitude of this variation is variable and unpredictable. The erratic changes of temperature and the amplitude of temperature changes during each cycle, from less than 50 K to at least 170 K, may be related to the orbit with Polaris Ab.[12]

A 4-day time lapse of Polaris illustrating its Cepheid type variability.

Research reported in Science suggests that Polaris is 2.5 times brighter today than when Ptolemy observed it, changing from third to second magnitude.[33] Astronomer Edward Guinan considers this to be a remarkable change and is on record as saying that "if they are real, these changes are 100 times larger than [those] predicted by current theories of stellar evolution".

Torres 2023 published a broad historical compilation of radial velocity and photometric data. He concludes that the change in the Cepheid period has reversed and is now decreasing since roughly 2010. Torres notes that TESS data is of limited utility: as a survey telescope, TESS is optimized for dimmer stars than Polaris, so Polaris significantly over-saturates TESS's cameras. Determining an accurate total brightness for Polaris from TESS is extremely difficult, although it remains suitable for timing the period.[34]

Furthermore, apparent irregularities in Polaris Aa's behavior may coincide with the periastron passage of Ab, although imprecision in the data prevents a definitive conclusion.[34] At the Gaia distance, the Aa-Ab closest approach is 6.2 AU; the radius of the primary supergiant is 46 R, meaning that the periastron separation is about 29 times its radius. This implies tidal forcing upon Aa's upper atmosphere by Ab. Such binary tidal forcing is known from heartbeat stars, where eccentric periastron approaches cause rich multimode pulsation akin to an electrocardiogram.

Szabados 1992 suggests that, among Cepheids, "phase slips" similar to what happened to Polaris in the mid 1960s are associated with binary systems.[35]

In 2024, researchers led by Nancy Evans at the Harvard & Smithsonian published a study with fresh data on the inner binary using the interferometric CHARA Array. They improved the solution of the orbit: combining CHARA data with previous Hubble data, and in tandem with the Gaia distance of 446±1 light-years, they confirmed the Cepheid radius estimate of 46 R and re-determined its mass at 5.13±0.28 M. The corresponding Polaris Ab mass is 1.316±0.028 M. Polaris remains overluminous compared to the best Cepheid evolution models, something also seen in V1334 Cygni. Polaris's rapid period change and pulsation amplitude variations are still peculiar compared to other Cepheids, but may be related to the first-overtone pulsations.[9]

Evans et al also tentatively succeeded in imaging features on the surface of Polaris Aa: large bright and dark patches appear in close-up images, changing over time. Follow up imaging campaigns are required to confirm this detection.[9] Polaris's age is difficult to model; current best estimates find the Cepheid to be much younger than the two main sequence components, seemingly enough to exclude a common origin, which would be quite unlikely for a triple star system.[14][15]

Torres 2023 and Evans et al 2024 both suggest that recent literature cautiously agree that Polaris is a first overtone pulsator.[34][9]

Role as pole star

[edit]
Polaris azimuths vis clock face analogy.[36]
A typical Northern Hemisphere star trail with Polaris in the center.
Polaris lying halfway between the asterisms Cassiopeia and the Big Dipper.

Because Polaris lies nearly in a direct line with the Earth's rotational axis above the North Pole, it stands almost motionless in the sky, and all the stars of the northern sky appear to rotate around it. It thus provides a nearly fixed point from which to draw measurements for celestial navigation and for astrometry. The elevation of the star above the horizon gives the approximate latitude of the observer.[16]

In 2018 Polaris was 0.66° (39.6 arcminutes) away from the pole of rotation (1.4 times the Moon disc) and so revolves around the pole in a small circle 1.3° in diameter. It will be closest to the pole (about 0.45 degree, or 27 arcminutes) soon after the year 2100.[37] Because it is so close to the celestial north pole, its right ascension is changing rapidly due to the precession of Earth's axis, going from 2.5h in AD 2000 to 6h in AD 2100. Twice in each sidereal day Polaris's azimuth is true north; the rest of the time it is displaced eastward or westward, and the bearing must be corrected using tables or a rule of thumb. The best approximation[36] is made using the leading edge of the "Big Dipper" asterism in the constellation Ursa Major. The leading edge (defined by the stars Dubhe and Merak) is referenced to a clock face, and the true azimuth of Polaris worked out for different latitudes.

The apparent motion of Polaris towards and, in the future, away from the celestial pole, is due to the precession of the equinoxes.[38] The celestial pole will move away from α UMi after the 21st century, passing close by Gamma Cephei by about the 41st century, moving towards Deneb by about the 91st century.[citation needed]

The celestial pole was close to Thuban around 2750 BCE,[38] and during classical antiquity it was slightly closer to Kochab (β UMi) than to Polaris, although still about 10° from either star.[39] It was about the same angular distance from β UMi as to α UMi by the end of late antiquity. The Greek navigator Pytheas in ca. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars. However, as one of the brighter stars close to the celestial pole, Polaris was used for navigation at least from late antiquity, and described as ἀεί φανής (aei phanēs) "always visible" by Stobaeus (5th century), also termed Λύχνος (Lychnos) akin to a burner or lamp and would reasonably be described as stella polaris from about the High Middle Ages and onwards, both in Greek and Latin. On his first trans-Atlantic voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus had to correct for the "circle described by the pole star about the pole".[40] In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, written around 1599, Caesar describes himself as being "as constant as the northern star", although in Caesar's time there was no constant northern star. Despite its relative brightness, it is not, as is popularly believed, the brightest star in the sky.[41]

Polaris was referenced in the classic Nathaniel Bowditch maritime navigation book American Practical Navigator (1802), where it is listed as one of the navigational stars.[42]

Names

[edit]
This artist's concept shows: supergiant Polaris Aa, dwarf Polaris Ab, and the distant dwarf companion Polaris B.

The modern name Polaris[43] is shortened from the Neo-Latin stella polaris ("polar star"), coined in the Renaissance when the star had approached the celestial pole to within a few degrees.[44][45]

Gemma Frisius, writing in 1547, referred to it as stella illa quae polaris dicitur ("that star which is called 'polar'"), placing it 3° 8' from the celestial pole.[44][45]

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[46] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Polaris for the star α Ursae Minoris Aa.[47]

In antiquity, Polaris was not yet the closest naked-eye star to the celestial pole, and the entire constellation of Ursa Minor was used for navigation rather than any single star. Polaris moved close enough to the pole to be the closest naked-eye star, even though still at a distance of several degrees, in the early medieval period, and numerous names referring to this characteristic as polar star have been in use since the medieval period. In Old English, it was known as scip-steorra ("ship-star").[citation needed]

In the "Old English rune poem", the T-rune is apparently associated with "a circumpolar constellation", or the planet Mars.[48]

In the Hindu Puranas, it became personified under the name Dhruva ("immovable, fixed").[49]

In the later medieval period, it became associated with the Marian title of Stella Maris "Star of the Sea" (so in Bartholomaeus Anglicus, c. 1270s),[50] due to an earlier transcription error.[51]

An older English name, attested since the 14th century, is lodestar "guiding star", cognate with the Old Norse leiðarstjarna, Middle High German leitsterne.[52]

The ancient name of the constellation Ursa Minor, Cynosura (from the Greek κυνόσουρα "the dog's tail"),[53] became associated with the pole star in particular by the early modern period. An explicit identification of Mary as stella maris with the polar star (Stella Polaris), as well as the use of Cynosura as a name of the star, is evident in the title Cynosura seu Mariana Stella Polaris (i.e. "Cynosure, or the Marian Polar Star"), a collection of Marian poetry published by Nicolaus Lucensis (Niccolo Barsotti de Lucca) in 1655. [citation needed]

Ursa Minor as depicted in the 964 Persian work Book of Fixed Stars, Polaris named al-Judayy "الجدي" in the lower right.

Its name in traditional pre-Islamic Arab astronomy was al-Judayy الجدي ("the kid", in the sense of a juvenile goat ["le Chevreau"] in Description des Etoiles fixes),[54] and that name was used in medieval Islamic astronomy as well.[55][56] In those times, it was not yet as close to the north celestial pole as it is now, and used to rotate around the pole.[citation needed]

It was invoked as a symbol of steadfastness in poetry, as "steadfast star" by Spenser. Shakespeare's sonnet 116 is an example of the symbolism of the north star as a guiding principle: "[Love] is the star to every wandering bark / Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken."[57]

In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare has Caesar explain his refusal to grant a pardon: "I am as constant as the northern star/Of whose true-fixed and resting quality/There is no fellow in the firmament./The skies are painted with unnumbered sparks,/They are all fire and every one doth shine,/But there's but one in all doth hold his place;/So in the world" (III, i, 65–71). Of course, Polaris will not "constantly" remain as the north star due to precession, but this is only noticeable over centuries.[citation needed]

In Inuit astronomy, Polaris is known as Nuutuittuq (syllabics: ᓅᑐᐃᑦᑐᖅ).[58]

In traditional Lakota star knowledge, Polaris is named "Wičháȟpi Owáŋžila". This translates to "The Star that Sits Still". This name comes from a Lakota story in which he married Tȟapȟúŋ Šá Wíŋ, "Red Cheeked Woman". However, she fell from the heavens, and in his grief Wičháȟpi Owáŋžila stared down from "waŋkátu" (the above land) forever.[59]

The Plains Cree call the star in Nehiyawewin: acâhkos êkâ kâ-âhcît "the star that does not move" (syllabics: ᐊᒑᐦᑯᐢ ᐁᑳ ᑳ ᐋᐦᒌᐟ).[60]

In Mi'kmawi'simk the star is named Tatapn.[61]

In the ancient Finnish worldview, the North Star has also been called taivaannapa and naulatähti ("the nailstar") because it seems to be attached to the firmament or even to act as a fastener for the sky when other stars orbit it. Since the starry sky seemed to rotate around it, the firmament is thought of as a wheel, with the star as the pivot on its axis. The names derived from it were sky pin and world pin.[citation needed]

Distance

[edit]

Since Leavitt's discovery of the Cepheid variable period-luminosity relationship, and corresponding utility as a standard candle, the distance to Polaris has been highly sought-after by astronomers. It is the closest Cepheid to Earth, and thus key to calibrating the Cepheid standard candle; Cepheids form the base of the cosmic distance ladder by which to probe the cosmological nature of the universe.[62]

Distance measurement techniques depend on whether or not components A and B are a physical pair, that is, gravitationally bound. If they are, then their estimated distance can be presumed to be equal.[b] Gravitational binding of this pair is well supported by observations, and the presumption of common distance is widely adopted in historical and recent estimates.[64][65][66][26][67][62][14][9]

For most of the 20th century, available observation technologies remained inadequate to precisely measure absolute parallax.[68][62] Instead, the main technique was to use theoretical models of stellar evolution for both main sequence and giant stars, combined with spectroscopic and photometric data to estimate distances. Such modeling relies on theoretical assumptions and guesses, and contains much systematic error and statistical uncertainties in population data. Even by 2013, these techniques were still struggling to achieve even 10% precision in either main sequence[69] or Cepheid[14] modeling.

Further progress was thus limited until the advent of Hipparcos, the first instrument able to engage in all-sky absolute parallax astrometry.[68] Its first data release was in 1997.

Selected distance estimates to Polaris
Published Component Distance Source Notes
ly   pc
1966 B (359)[c] (110)[c] Fernie[64] Photometry and modeling of B[c]
1977 B (399)[d] (122)[d] Turner[65] Photometry and modeling of B[d]
1978 A 356* 109* Gauthier and Fernie[66] Modeling extinction and Cepheid evolution of A
1996 B 359* 110* Kamper[26] Photometry and modeling of B, reproducing prior estimates
1997 A 431±29 132±9 Hipparcos[70] All-sky/absolute[68] parallax observations, of the primary variable[e]
2004-2013 A, B 307±13 94±4 Turner/Turner et al Cepheid evolution modeling[30], cluster kinematics and ZAMS fitting[30][67], photometry and modeling of B[67], spectral line ratios of A calibrated on yellow supergiants[62]
329±10 101±3
323±7 99±2
2007[f] A 432±6 133±2 Hipparcos[2][69] All-sky/absolute parallax observations, revised analysis, of the primary variable[f]
2008 B 357* 109.5* Usenko & Klochkova[7] Photometry and modeling of B
2014 A >385 >118 Neilson[71] Cepheid evolution modeling, independent of any distance prior
2018 B 521±20 160±6 Hubble, Bond et al.[14] Relative[68] parallax of the wide component referencing photometrically-calibrated background stars
2018 B 445.3±1.7 136.6±0.5 Gaia DR2[72] All-sky/absolute[68] parallax observations, of the wide component[g]
2020 B 446.5±1.1 136.9±0.3 Gaia DR3[5][9] All-sky/absolute parallax observations, of the wide component[h]
^ * This estimate didn't state its uncertainty

After the arrival of the Hipparcos data, the distance to Polaris and consequent analysis of its Cepheid variation was controversial. The Hipparcos distance for Polaris was broadly but not universally adopted.[20] Immediately, the Hipparcos data for the nearest few hundred Cepheids appeared to clarify Cepheid models and to clear up then-tension in higher rungs of the distance ladder.[70] However alternatives remained; particularly by Turner et al, who published several papers between 2004 and 2013.[62]

Stellar parallax is the basis for the parsec, which is the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond. (1 AU and 1 pc are not to scale, 1 pc = about 206265 AU)

In 2018, Bond et al[14] used the Hubble Space Telescope to provide an alternate direct measurement of Polaris's parallax; they summarize the back-and-forth:

However, Turner et al. (2013, hereafter TKUG13)[62] argue that the parallax of Polaris is considerably larger, 10.10 ± 0.20 mas (d = 99±2 pc). The evidence cited by TKUG13 for this “short” distance includes (1) a photometric parallax for Polaris B based on measured photometry, spectral classification, and main-sequence fitting; (2) a claim that there is a sparse cluster of A-, F-, and G-type stars within 3° of Polaris, with proper motions and radial velocities similar to that of the Cepheid, for which the Hipparcos parallaxes combined with main-sequence fitting give a distance of 99 pc; and (3) a determination of the absolute visual magnitude of Polaris based on line ratios in high-resolution spectra, calibrated against supergiants with well-established luminosities. [...]

[...]

In a critique of the TKUG13 paper, van Leeuwen (2013, hereafter L13)[69] defended the Hipparcos parallax by presenting details of the solution, concluding that “the Hipparcos data cannot in any way support” the large parallax advocated by TKUG13. Using Hipparcos data, L13 also questioned the reality of the sparse cluster proposed by TKUG13, presenting evidence against it both from the color versus absolute-magnitude diagram for stars within 3° of Polaris, and their non-clustered distribution of proper motions. Lastly, L13 examined the absolute magnitudes of nearly 400 stars of spectral type F3 V in the Hipparcos catalog with parallax errors of less than 10%, and showed that the absolute magnitude of Polaris B would fall well within the observed MV distribution for F3 V stars, based on either the Hipparcos parallax of A or the larger parallax proposed by TKUG13. Thus, he concluded that the photometric parallax of B does not give a useful discriminant.

— [14]

Bond et al go on to find a trigonometric parallax (independent of Hipparcos) that implies a distance further-still than the "long" Hipparcos distance, well outside the plausible range of the "short" distance estimates.

The next major step in high precision parallax measurements comes from Gaia, a space astrometry mission launched in 2013 and intended to measure stellar parallax to within 25 microarcseconds (μas).[74] Although it was originally planned to limit Gaia's observations to stars fainter than magnitude 5.7, tests carried out during the commissioning phase indicated that Gaia could autonomously identify stars as bright as magnitude 3. When Gaia entered regular scientific operations in July 2014, it was configured to routinely process stars in the magnitude range 3 – 20.[75] Beyond that limit, special procedures are used to download raw scanning data for the remaining 230 stars brighter than magnitude 3; methods to reduce and analyse these data are being developed; and it is expected that there will be "complete sky coverage at the bright end" with standard errors of "a few dozen μas".[76]

Gaia DR2 does not include a parallax for Polaris A, but a distance inferred from Polaris B is 136.6±0.5 pc (445.5±1.7 ly),[72] somewhat further than most previous estimates and (in principle) considerably more accurate. There are known to be considerable systematic uncertainties in DR2.[77]

Gaia DR3 significantly improved both the statistical and systematic uncertainties, although the latter remain numerous and on the order of 10–60 μas[63]; the new estimate is 136.9±0.3 pc (446.5±1.1 ly) using the baseline parallax zeropoint correction.[5][9][h]

Gaia DR4 (expected December 2026) will further improve the statistical and systematic uncertainties in general, and the data pipelines for variable and multiple stars in particular.[78] Multistar orbital solutions will become available, greatly aiding the study of Cepheids and Polaris, and in particular, may enable solving the outer AB orbit.[9]

[edit]

Polaris is depicted in the flag and coat of arms of the Canadian Inuit territory of Nunavut,[79] the flag of the U.S. states of Alaska and Minnesota,[80] and the flag of the U.S. city of Duluth, Minnesota.[81][82]

Vexillology

[edit]

Heraldry

[edit]

Ships

[edit]
  • The Chinese spy ship Beijixing is named after Polaris.
  • USS Polaris is named after Polaris
[edit]

See also

[edit]
  • Extraterrestrial sky (for the pole stars of other celestial bodies)
  • List of nearest supergiants
  • Polar alignment
  • Sigma Octantis
  • Polaris Flare
  • Regiment of the North Pole

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ If A and B are a physical pair, then they share the same parallax; see #Distance
  2. ^ Their minimum spatial separation is the angular separation: 0.09 mrad (18.2 arcseconds), i.e. 0.009% of their distance from Earth; it could be higher (2x-5x) depending on the orbital eccentricity and orientation of the apsides to Earth's sightline. In any case, distance estimate uncertainties have far exceeded 0.2%, with only Gaia approaching the latter precision, when neglecting systematic uncertainties.[63] Future Gaia data may enable solving this outer orbit, constraining the apsides and thus precisely determining the distance between the components.
  3. ^ a b c The paper only estimates an absolute magnitude of roughly 3.3 with an apparent magnitude of 8.51. That implies a distance modulus of 5.21, implying a distance around 110 pc. A notional magnitude error of ±0.3 would correspond to roughly ±16 pc error.
  4. ^ a b c The paper only estimates an absolute magnitude of roughly 3.16. Taken with the quoted apparent magnitude 8.6, that implies a distance modulus of 5.44, implying a distance around 122 pc. A notional magnitude error of ±0.1 would correspond to roughly ±6 pc error. Extinction was concluded to be negligible.
  5. ^ Parallax 7.56±0.48 mas
  6. ^ a b Parallax 7.54±0.11 mas; observations from 1989 to 1993, first analysis published 1997, revised analysis published 2007.
  7. ^ Statistical distance calculated using a weak distance prior
  8. ^ a b The raw parallax is 7.2869±0.0178 mas; applying a basic systematic[63] correction[73] gives 7.3045±0.0178 mas

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Polaris | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1137. arXiv:0806.4904. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1137E. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. S2CID 16966094.
  4. ^ a b c d Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; et al. (2017). "General Catalogue of Variable Stars". Astronomy Reports. 5.1. 61 (1): 80–88. Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. S2CID 125853869.
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Reviews for Desert Safari Dubai - Dune Buggy Rental & ATV Quad Bike Tours - Marasi Drive - Dubai - United Arab Emirates


Desert Safari Dubai - Dune Buggy Rental & ATV Quad Bike Tours - Marasi Drive - Dubai - United Arab Emirates, Lake Central Tower 4th Floor - Office 404 مراسي درايف - الخليج التجاري - دبي - United Arab Emirates

Martti Garden

(5)

It was an amazing experience driving through the desert with a 4x4, having a great dinner in the camp with good entertainment. And our driver Mohammed was awesome: very friendly, always pointing out interesting things to see and thankfully very skilled when driving through the dunes.

Desert Safari Dubai - Dune Buggy Rental & ATV Quad Bike Tours - Marasi Drive - Dubai - United Arab Emirates, Lake Central Tower 4th Floor - Office 404 مراسي درايف - الخليج التجاري - دبي - United Arab Emirates

capatina ana

(5)

A unique experience. We had a wonderful time with our driver, Arham, who took some amazing photos of us. We wholeheartedly recommend him!

Desert Safari Dubai - Dune Buggy Rental & ATV Quad Bike Tours - Marasi Drive - Dubai - United Arab Emirates, Lake Central Tower 4th Floor - Office 404 مراسي درايف - الخليج التجاري - دبي - United Arab Emirates

Apple Gemm Duyan

(4)

Arabian Nights Tours Camp in Abu Dhabi, UAE, offers an immersive desert adventure experience. Located in the heart of the Arabian desert, the camp provides guests with a traditional Bedouin-style setting, complete with comfortable tents and authentic decor. Visitors can enjoy a range of activities, including dune bashing, camel rides, and sandboarding. The camp also features cultural entertainment such as belly dancing, henna painting, and traditional music. Guests are treated to a sumptuous buffet of Arabic cuisine under the stars, making for a memorable and picturesque desert experience. Arabian Nights Tours Camp combines adventure, culture, and relaxation in a stunning desert landscape.

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25.169869236014, 55.2674775395
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Desert Safari Dubai - Dune Buggy Rental & ATV Quad Bike Tours - Marasi Drive - Dubai - United Arab Emirates, Lake Central Tower 4th Floor - Office 404 مراسي درايف - الخليج التجاري - دبي - United Arab Emirates
Destination
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Quad Biking Tours Dubai
25.157553511381, 55.2491008264
Starting Point
Desert Safari Dubai - Dune Buggy Rental & ATV Quad Bike Tours - Marasi Drive - Dubai - United Arab Emirates, Lake Central Tower 4th Floor - Office 404 مراسي درايف - الخليج التجاري - دبي - United Arab Emirates
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Frequently Asked Questions

Safety is our top priority for all Quad Biking Tours Dubai. We provide professional training certified guides quality safety equipment and well maintained quad bikes for every tour.

Wear comfortable clothing and closed toe shoes for Quad Biking Tours Dubai. Avoid sandals flip flops and loose baggy clothing that may get caught or cause discomfort during the ride.

All Quad Biking Tours Dubai packages include a guided tour with professional instructors and unlimited mineral water. Safety gear including helmets and goggles is provided at no extra charge.