They tell you a city reveals itself differently from above, and in Dubai that truth arrives at dusk, when the day exhales and the glass towers soften. A Helicopter tour Dubai sunset flight isn't just a sightseeing checkbox; it's a small ritual of perspective, a way to feel the city loosen its tie and turn radiant as evening gathers.
On the helipad, the wind smells faintly of warm metal and sea salt. The rotors start their low, insistent thrum, and the pilot's voice crackles through the headset-calm, practiced, as if the sky were a familiar corridor. You strap in, the buckle cold against your palm. The ground falls away as gently as a breath being taken, and suddenly the geometry of Dubai arranges itself with elegant clarity.
The coastline appears first, like a brushstroke of light.
Helicopter tour Dubai city views
Helicopter tour Jebel Ali
Helicopter tour Dubai Sheikh Zayed Road views
Helicopter tour Dubai city sightseeing
Jumeirah Beach spills into the Persian Gulf, and the Burj Al Arab stands there-still improbably graceful for something so iconic-its sail shape catching the last honeyed rays. Below, the sea looks hammered flat, a shifting mirror. For a moment you track a speedboat etching its signature through the water; then you leave it behind.
The Palm Jumeirah makes sense from up here in a way it never does at street level. Its fronds are not a rumor but an exquisite diagram, a human idea made literal and vast. Villas line the leaf-like branches as if perched on the edges of a drawing; Atlantis crowns the crescent like a flourish. The helicopter banks, and the Palm tilts under your feet-too perfect to be accidental, too audacious not to belong to this city.
To the north, the World Islands scatter across the water, a cartographer's dream set loose on a calm sea. They look delicate from above, like punctuation marks in the gulf. It's tempting to read meaning into them, to think of continents and histories and how easily we rearrange the world when we're bold enough, or wealthy enough, or both.
Then the inland turn. Downtown rises ahead in a steel-and-glass crescendo, its skyline stitched with sunlight. Sheikh Zayed Road streams silver in one direction, ruby in the other, a jeweled ribbon of evening traffic. The Burj Khalifa pierces the sky, impossibly tall even now-slender, assured, its facade catching the sun until it seems lit from within.
Helicopter tour Dubai Bluewaters Island
Dubai Canal helicopter tour
Helicopter tour Dubai family experience
Helicopter tour Dubai morning flight
Scenic helicopter ride Dubai
Dubai helicopter grand tour
The pilot circles once, and you realize you're looking at a city that decided it would be seen from far away and built itself accordingly.
Between the towers, shadows lengthen. The Dubai Fountain's jets leap in ghostly rehearsal, flecks of water flashing pink and gold. Beyond the newness, the creek meanders through the old heart, where wooden dhows still shoulder along the water like patient beasts from another era. You can't hear them, not up here, but you can imagine the holler of dockhands, the thud of cargo, the spice threading the air. That's the thing about aerial views: they silence what's below and, in doing so, invite you to invent.
To the east, the desert waits with its quiet certainty. The dunes catch the last light in narrow bands, each ridge a line of fire. Their ripples look soft enough to sleep in. A road crosses that expanse like a dare, lit by a sparse procession of headlights. You think about how the city and the sand regard one another-how their conversation is ongoing, filled with both tension and respect. From here, Dubai feels like choreography: ambition taking the lead, patience learning the steps.
As the sun lowers, colors drain and deepen. The sky moves through apricot, then coral, then a blue so saturated it's like falling into cool water. Glass slides from reflective brilliance to translucent dusk. Tower windows blink on one by one, constellations invented nightly. The helicopter hums steadily, the headset clicks, and within the cabin a quiet camaraderie forms-each person holding their own hush, their own sudden tenderness for this improbable place.
The descent begins almost imperceptibly. The helipad grows from a thumbnail to a landing spot, and the rotor wash lifts the day's last warmth. You unbuckle reluctantly. Helicopter tour Dubai coastal views . Once your feet are back on the ground, the world feels oddly heavier, the sounds larger. Somewhere behind the buildings, the sun finishes its slow dive into the Gulf, and the night makes its unhurried claim.
Later, when you try to explain it, you'll struggle to pick a single moment: the way the Palm resolved into order, the Burj Khalifa's needle of light, the dunes glowing like buried embers.
Helicopter tour Dubai Sheikh Zayed Road
Helicopter tour Dubai Marina
Helicopter tour Dubai Bluewaters Island
Helicopter tour Dubai city views
Helicopter tour Dubai Sheikh Zayed Road
Helicopter tour Dubai palm flight
Helicopter tour Dubai palm island views
You might mention how small everything looked, and how, paradoxically, that smallness made the whole enterprise feel even more grand. Mostly, though, you'll remember the sensation of being suspended-between day and night, land and water, ambition and reflection-long enough to see the city not as a collection of superlatives but as a story told in light.
A sunset helicopter flight over Dubai won't tell you everything about the city. Helicopter tour Dubai Bluewaters Island It won't reveal its daily rhythms or the lives inside its towers. But for fifteen or twenty minutes, it will tilt the map, quiet the noise, and let you watch a place become itself. And that brief, weightless understanding is worth chasing, again and again.
About Aerial photography
Taking images of the ground from the air
An aerial photograph using a drone of Westerheversand Lighthouse, GermanyAerial view of a swimming pool complexAn aerial photograph taken using a drone of the Vistula, a river in PolandAn aerial view of the city of Pori, FinlandAir photo of a military target used to evaluate the effect of bombing
Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms.[1] When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography.
Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or "drones"), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, or using action cameras while skydiving or wingsuiting. Handheld cameras may be manually operated by the photographer, while mounted cameras are usually remotely operated or triggered automatically.
Hraunfossar, Iceland captured by a drone-camera[2]
Aerial photography typically refers specifically to bird's-eye view images that focus on landscapes and surface objects, and should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight. Elevated photography can also produce bird's-eye images closely resembling aerial photography (despite not actually being aerial shots) when telephotoing from high vantage structures, suspended on cables (e.g. Skycam) or on top of very tall poles that are either handheld (e.g. monopods and selfie sticks), fixed firmly to the ground (e.g. surveillance cameras and crane shots) or mounted above vehicles.
History
[edit]
See also: Aerial reconnaissance § History
This section duplicates the scope of other articles, specifically Aerial reconnaissance#History. Please discuss this issue and help introduce a summary style to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by splitting the content into a new article.(October 2020)
Early
[edit]
Honoré Daumier, "Nadar élevant la Photographie à la hauteur de l'Art" (Nadar elevating Photography to Art), published in Le Boulevard, May 25, 1862
Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, known as "Nadar", in 1858 over Paris, France.[3] However, the photographs he produced no longer exist and therefore the earliest surviving aerial photograph is titled 'Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It.' Taken by James Wallace Black and Samuel Archer King on October 13, 1860, it depicts Boston from a height of 630m.[4][5]
Equipment Used to Make High-Altitude Photographs (1924)Aerial view by Cecil Shadbolt, showing Stonebridge Road, Stamford Hill, and Seven Sisters Curve, part of the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) on 29 May 1882 – the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles
Kite aerial photography was pioneered by British meteorologist E.D. Archibald in 1882. He used an explosive charge on a timer to take photographs from the air.[6] The same year, Cecil Shadbolt devised a method of taking photographs from the basket of a gas balloon, including shots looking vertically downwards.[7][8] One of his images, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) over Stamford Hill, is the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles.[7] A print of the same image, An Instantaneous Map Photograph taken from the Car of a Balloon, 2,000 feet high, was shown at the 1882 Photographic Society exhibition.[8]
Frenchman Arthur Batut began using kites for photography in 1888, and wrote a book on his methods in 1890.[9][10] Samuel Franklin Cody developed his advanced 'Man-lifter War Kite' and succeeded in interesting the British War Office with its capabilities.
Antique postcard from Grand Rapids, Michigan, using kite photo technique (c. 1911)
In 1908, Albert Samama Chikly filmed the first ever aerial views using a balloon between Hammam-Lif and Grombalia.[11] The first use of a motion picture camera mounted to a heavier-than-air aircraft took place on April 24, 1909, over Rome in the 3:28 silent film short, Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine.
World War I
[edit]
Giza pyramid complex, photographed from Eduard Spelterini's balloon on November 21, 1904
The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the war, as reconnaissance aircraft were equipped with cameras to record enemy movements and defenses. At the start of the conflict, the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated, with reconnaissance being accomplished with map sketching from the air.
Germany adopted the first aerial camera, a Görz, in 1913. The French began the war with several squadrons of Blériot observation aircraft equipped with cameras for reconnaissance. The French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time.
Frederick Charles Victor Laws started aerial photography experiments in 1912 with No.1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps (later No. 1 Squadron RAF), taking photographs from the British dirigible Beta. He discovered that vertical photos taken with a 60% overlap could be used to create a stereoscopic effect when viewed in a stereoscope, thus creating a perception of depth that could aid in cartography and in intelligence derived from aerial images. The Royal Flying Corps recon pilots began to use cameras for recording their observations in 1914 and by the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, the entire system of German trenches was being photographed.[12] In 1916, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making.
The first purpose-built and practical aerial camera was invented by Captain John Moore-Brabazon in 1915 with the help of the Thornton-Pickard company, greatly enhancing the efficiency of aerial photography. The camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals. Moore-Brabazon also pioneered the incorporation of stereoscopic techniques into aerial photography, allowing the height of objects on the landscape to be discerned by comparing photographs taken at different angles.[13][14]
By the end of the war, aerial cameras had dramatically increased in size and focal power and were used increasingly frequently as they proved their pivotal military worth; by 1918, both sides were photographing the entire front twice a day and had taken over half a million photos since the beginning of the conflict. In January 1918, General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No. 1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles (1,620 km2) area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front. This was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography. Lieutenants Leonard Taplin, Allan Runciman Brown, H. L. Fraser, Edward Patrick Kenny, and L. W. Rogers photographed a block of land stretching from the Turkish front lines 32 miles (51 km) deep into their rear areas. Beginning 5 January, they flew with a fighter escort to ward off enemy fighters. Using Royal Aircraft Factory BE.12 and Martinsyde airplanes, they not only overcame enemy air attacks, but also had to contend with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds, antiaircraft fire, and malfunctioning equipment to complete their task.[15]
Commercial
[edit]
New York City in 1932, aerial photograph of Fairchild Aerial Surveys IncMilton Kent with his aerial camera, June 1953, Milton Kent Studio, Sydney
The first commercial aerial photography company in the UK was Aerofilms Ltd, founded by World War I veterans Francis Wills and Claude Graham White in 1919. The company soon expanded into a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK. Operations began from the Stag Lane Aerodrome at Edgware, using the aircraft of the London Flying School. Subsequently, the Aircraft Manufacturing Company (later the De Havilland Aircraft Company), hired an Airco DH.9 along with pilot entrepreneur Alan Cobham.[16]
From 1921, Aerofilms carried out vertical photography for survey and mapping purposes. During the 1930s, the company pioneered the science of photogrammetry (mapping from aerial photographs), with the Ordnance Survey amongst the company's clients.[17] In 1920, the Australian Milton Kent started using a half-plate oblique aero camera purchased from Carl Zeiss AG in his aerial photographic business.[18]
Another successful pioneer of the commercial use of aerial photography was the American Sherman Fairchild who started with his own aircraft firm Fairchild Aircraft to develop and build specialized aircraft for high altitude aerial survey missions.[19] One Fairchild aerial survey aircraft in 1935 carried a unit that combined two synchronized cameras. Utilizing two units of ten lenses each with a ten-inch lens, the aircraft took photos from 23,000 feet. Each photo covered two hundred and twenty-five square miles. One of its first government contracts was an aerial survey of New Mexico to study soil erosion.[20] A year later, Fairchild introduced a better high altitude camera with a nine-lens in one unit that could take a photo covering 600 square miles with each exposure from 30,000 feet.[21]
World War II
[edit]
Sidney Cotton's Lockheed 12A, in which he made a high-speed reconnaissance flight in 1940
In 1939, Sidney Cotton and Flying Officer Maurice Longbottom of the RAF were among the first to suggest that airborne reconnaissance may be a task better suited to fast, small aircraft which would use their speed and high service ceiling to avoid detection and interception. Although this seems obvious now, with modern reconnaissance tasks performed by fast, high flying aircraft, at the time it was radical thinking.[citation needed]
They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants. Spitfires proved to be extremely successful in their reconnaissance role and there were many variants built specifically for that purpose. They served initially with what later became No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (PRU). In 1928, the RAF developed an electric heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing.[22] Based at RAF Medmenham, the collection and interpretation of such photographs became a considerable enterprise.[23]
Cotton's aerial photographs were far ahead of their time. Together with other members of the 1 PRU, he pioneered the techniques of high-altitude, high-speed stereoscopic photography that were instrumental in revealing the locations of many crucial military and intelligence targets. According to R.V. Jones, photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket. Cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment. At the peak, the British flew over 100 reconnaissance flights a day, yielding 50,000 images per day to interpret. Similar efforts were taken by other countries.[citation needed]
While stationed on an aircraft carrier in Imperial Japan, FS Hussain, a pilot in the Royal Indian Air Force, was tasked with photographing the aftermath of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[24] Unaware of the risks of exposure to radiation, it led to his death in 1969 at the age of 44.[25]
Uses
[edit]
Vertical aerial photography is used in cartography[26] (particularly in photogrammetric surveys, which are often the basis for topographic maps[27][28]), land-use planning,[26] aerial archaeology.[26] Oblique aerial photography is used for movie production, environmental studies,[29] power line inspection,[30] surveillance, construction progress, commercial advertising, conveyancing, and artistic projects. An example of how aerial photography is used in the field of archaeology is the mapping project done at the site Angkor Borei in Cambodia from 1995 to 1996. Using aerial photography, archaeologists were able to identify archaeological features, including 112 water features (reservoirs, artificially constructed pools and natural ponds) within the walled site of Angkor Borei.[31] In the United States, aerial photographs are used in many Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for property analysis.
Aircraft
[edit]
In the United States, except when necessary for take-off and landing, full-sized manned aircraft are prohibited from flying at altitudes under 1000 feet over congested areas and not closer than 500 feet from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure over non-congested areas. Certain exceptions are allowed for helicopters, powered parachutes and weight-shift-control aircraft.[32]
Radio-controlled
[edit]
Advancements in drone technology have allowed aerial photographs to be taken by quadcopter drones, such as this DJI Mavic Pro.
Advances in radio controlled models have made it possible for model aircraft to conduct low-altitude aerial photography. This had benefited real-estate advertising, where commercial and residential properties are the photographic subject. In 2014, the US Federal Aviation Administration banned the use of drones for photographs in real estate advertisements.[33] The ban has been lifted and commercial aerial photography using drones of UAS is regulated under the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018.[34][35] Commercial pilots have to complete the requirements for a Part 107 license,[36] while amateur and non-commercial use is restricted by the FAA.[37]
Small scale model aircraft offer increased photographic access to these previously restricted areas. Miniature vehicles do not replace full-size aircraft, as full-size aircraft are capable of longer flight times, higher altitudes, and greater equipment payloads. They are, however, useful in any situation in which a full-scale aircraft would be dangerous to operate. Examples would include the inspection of transformers atop power transmission lines and slow, low-level flight over agricultural fields, both of which can be accomplished by a large-scale radio-controlled helicopter. Professional-grade, gyroscopically stabilized camera platforms are available for use under such a model; a large model helicopter with a 26cc gasoline engine can hoist a payload of approximately seven kilograms (15 pounds). One example is the radio controlled Nitrohawk helicopter developed by Robert Channon between 1988 and 1998.[38] In addition to gyroscopically stabilized footage, the use of RC copters as reliable aerial photography tools increased with the integration of FPV (first-person-view) technology. Many radio-controlled aircraft, in particular drones, are now capable of utilizing Wi-Fi to stream live video from the aircraft's camera back to the pilot's or pilot in command's (PIC) ground station.[39]
Regulations
[edit]
See also: Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles
Australia
[edit]
In Australia, Civil Aviation Safety Regulation Part 101 (CASR Part 101)[40] allows for commercial use of unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft. Under these regulations, unmanned remotely piloted aircraft for commercial are referred to as Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), whereas radio-controlled aircraft for recreational purposes are referred to as model aircraft. Under CASR Part 101, businesses/persons operating remotely piloted aircraft commercially are required to hold an operator certificate, just like manned aircraft operators. Pilots of remotely piloted aircraft operating commercially are also required to be licensed by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA).[41] While a small RPAS and model aircraft may actually be identical, unlike model aircraft, a RPAS may enter controlled airspace with approval, and operate close to an aerodrome.
Due to a number of illegal operators in Australia, making false claims of being approved, CASA maintains and publishes a list of approved remote operator's certificate (ReOC) holders.[42] However, CASA has modified the regulations and from September 29, 2016, drones under 2 kg (4.4 lb) may be operated for commercial purposes.[43]
United States
[edit]
2006 FAA regulations grounding all commercial RC model flights have been upgraded to require formal FAA certification before permission is granted to fly at any altitude in the US.
On June 25, 2014, the FAA, in ruling 14 CFR Part 91 [Docket No. FAA–2014–0396] "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft", banned the commercial use of unmanned aircraft over U.S. airspace.[44] On September 26, 2014, the FAA began granting the right to use drones in aerial filmmaking. Operators are required to be licensed pilots and must keep the drone in view at all times. Drones cannot be used to film in areas where people might be put at risk.[45]
The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 established, in Section 336, a special rule for model aircraft. In Section 336, Congress confirmed the FAA's long-standing position that model aircraft are aircraft. Under the terms of the Act, a model aircraft is defined as "an unmanned aircraft" that is "(1) capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere; (2) flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft; and (3) flown for hobby or recreational purposes."[46]
Because anything capable of being viewed from a public space is considered outside the realm of privacy in the United States, aerial photography may legally document features and occurrences on private property.[47]
The FAA can pursue enforcement action against persons operating model aircraft who endanger the safety of the national airspace system: Public Law 112–95, section 336(b).[33]
On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its summary of small unmanned aircraft rules (Part 107). The rules established guidelines for small UAS operators including operating only during the daytime, a 400 ft (120 m). ceiling and pilots must keep the UAS in visual range.[48]
On April 7, 2017, the FAA announced special security instructions under 14 CFR § 99.7. Effective April 14, 2017, all UAS flights within 400 feet of the lateral boundaries of U.S. military installations are prohibited unless a special permit is secured from the base and/or the FAA.[49]
United Kingdom
[edit]
Aerial photography in the UK has tight regulations as to where a drone is able to fly.[50]
Aerial Photography on Light aircraft under 20 kg (44 lb). Basic Rules for non commercial flying Of a SUA (Small Unmanned Aircraft).
Article 241 Endangering safety of any person or property states that a person must not recklessly or negligently cause or permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property.
Article 94 mentions the following about small unmanned aircraft:
A person must not cause or permit any article or animal (whether or not attached to a parachute) to be dropped from a small unmanned aircraft so as to endanger persons or property.
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft may only fly the aircraft if reasonably satisfied that the flight can safely be made.
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must maintain direct, unaided visual contact with the aircraft sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft, persons, vehicles, vessels and structures for the purpose of avoiding collisions. (500 m (1,600 ft))
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft which has a mass of more than 7 kg (15 lb) excluding its fuel but including any articles or equipment installed in or attached to the aircraft at the commencement of its flight, must not fly the aircraft:
In Class A, C, D or E airspace unless the permission of the appropriate air traffic control unit has been obtained;
Within an aerodrome traffic zone during the notified hours of watch of the air traffic control unit (if any) at that aerodrome unless the permission of any such air traffic control unit has been obtained;
At a height of more than 400 feet above the surface
The person in charge of a small unmanned aircraft must not fly the aircraft for the purposes of commercial operations except in accordance with a permission granted by the CAA.
Article 95 has the following to say about small unmanned surveillance aircraft:
You Must not fly your aircraft over or within 150 metres of any congested Area.
Over or within 150 m (490 ft) of an organised open-air assembly of more than 1,000 persons.
Within 50 m (160 ft) of any vessel, vehicle or structure which is not under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.
Within 50 m of any person, during take-off or landing, a small unmanned surveillance aircraft must not be flown within 30 m (98 ft) of any person. This does not apply to the person in charge of the small unmanned surveillance aircraft or a person under the control of the person in charge of the aircraft.
Model aircraft with a mass of more than 20 kg are termed 'Large Model Aircraft' – within the UK, large model aircraft may only be flown in accordance with an exemption from the ANO, which must be issued by the CAA.
Types
[edit]
Oblique
[edit]
Oblique Aerial Photo
Photographs taken at an angle are called oblique photographs. If they are taken from a low angle relative to the earth's surface, they are called low oblique and photographs taken from a high angle are called high or steep oblique.[51]
An aerial photographer prepares continuous oblique shooting in a Cessna 206
Vertical (Nadir)
[edit]
Vertical Orientation Aerial Photo
Vertical photographs are taken straight down.[52] They are mainly used in photogrammetry and image interpretation. Pictures that will be used in photogrammetry are traditionally taken with special large format cameras with calibrated and documented geometric properties.
A vertical still from a kite aerial thermal video of part of a former brickworks site captured at night. http://www.armadale.org.uk/aerialthermography.htm
Combined
[edit]
Aerial photographs are often combined. Depending on their purpose, it can be done in several ways, of which a few are listed below.
Panoramas can be made by stitching several photographs taken in different angles from one spot (e.g. with a hand held camera) or from different spots at the same angle (e.g. from a plane).
Stereo photography techniques allow for the creation of 3D-images from several photographs of the same area taken from different spots.
In pictometry, five rigidly mounted cameras provide one vertical and four low oblique pictures that can be used together.
In some digital cameras, for aerial photogrammetry images from several imaging elements, sometimes with separate lenses, are geometrically corrected and combined to one image in the camera.
Orthophotomap
[edit]
Vertical photographs are often used to create orthophotos, alternatively known as orthophotomaps, photographs which have been geometrically "corrected" so as to be usable as a map. In other words, an orthophoto is a simulation of a photograph taken from an infinite distance, looking straight down to nadir. Perspective must obviously be removed, but variations in terrain should also be corrected for. Multiple geometric transformations are applied to the image, depending on the perspective and terrain corrections required on a particular part of the image.
Orthophotos are commonly used in geographic information systems, such as are used by mapping agencies (e.g. Ordnance Survey) to create maps. Once the images have been aligned, or "registered", with known real-world coordinates, they can be widely deployed.
Large sets of orthophotos, typically derived from multiple sources and divided into "tiles" (each typically 256 x 256 pixels in size), are widely used in online map systems such as Google Maps. OpenStreetMap offers the use of similar orthophotos for deriving new map data. Google Earth overlays orthophotos or satellite imagery onto a digital elevation model to simulate 3D landscapes.
Leaf-off or leaf-on
[edit]
Aerial photography may be labeled as either "leaf-off" or on "leaf-on" to indicate whether deciduous foliage is in the photograph. Leaf-off photographs show less foliage or no foliage at all, and are used to see the ground and things on the ground more closely. Leaf-on photographs are used to measure crop health and yield. For forestry purposes, some species of trees are easier to distinguish from other kinds of trees with leaf-off photography, while other species are easier to distinguish with leaf-on photography.[53]
Video
[edit]
The Cliffs of Moher, filmed with a drone (2014)
With advancements in video technology, aerial video is becoming more popular. Orthogonal video is shot from aircraft mapping pipelines, crop fields, and other points of interest. Using GPS, video may be embedded with meta data and later synced with a video mapping program.
This "Spatial Multimedia" is the timely union of digital media including still photography, motion video, stereo, panoramic imagery sets, immersive media constructs, audio, and other data with location and date-time information from the GPS and other location designs.
Aerial videos are emerging Spatial Multimedia which can be used for scene understanding and object tracking. The input video is captured by low flying aerial platforms and typically consists of strong parallax from non-ground-plane structures. The integration of digital video, global positioning systems (GPS) and automated image processing will improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of data collection and reduction. Several different aerial platforms are under investigation for the data collection.
In film production, it is common to use a unmanned aerial vehicle with a mounted cine camera.[54] For example, the AERIGON cinema drone is used for low aerial shots in big blockbuster movies.[55]
Wikipedia category for articles on aerial photographers
References
[edit]
^
"aerial photograph". Merrian Webster. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^"Fotografi og film med drone | Odd & Ivø Photography | Rungsted Kyst". Oddivo. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
^History of Aerial Photography Professional Aerial Photographers Association (retrieved 5 October 2016)
^Ron Graham and Roger E. Read, Manual of Aerial Photography, London and Boston, Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-51229-4
^Staff writer (April 3, 2013). "This Picture of Boston, Circa 1860, Is the World's Oldest Surviving Aerial Photo". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^Archibald, Douglas (1897). "The Story of the Earth's Atmosphere". p. 174. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
^ ab"The Shadbolt Collection". Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ abColin, Fenn (2016). "George & Cecil Shadbolt – Pioneer Photographers" (PDF). Friends of West Norwood. Newsletter (86): 6–8.
^Benton, Cris (June 25, 2010). "The First Kite Photographs". arch.ced.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
^"Arthur Batut Museum" (in French). Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^Luke McKernan, Albert Samama Chikly, archived from archived from victorian-cinema.net, July 2015
^"A Brief History of Aerial Photography". Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^"Royal Flying Corps Founded". History Today.
^Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2003). How It Works: Science and Technology. Marshall Cavendish. p. 33. ISBN 9780761473145.
^"Lieutenant Leonard T.E. Taplin, D.F.C". Southsearepublic.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
^"BFI Screenonline: Friese-Greene, Claude (1898–1943) Biography". www.screenonline.org.uk.
^"Municipal Air Surveys. Contracts From Doncaster And Birkenhead". The Times. No. 44229. column E. Gale:The Times digital archive 1785–1985. 25 March 1926. p. 11. Retrieved 30 August 2012. (subscription required)
^A Modern Ariel with a camera, People [magazine], July 15, 1953, pp. 24-27
^Donald, David (1997). The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 382. ISBN 0-7607-0592-5.
^Hearst Magazines (October 1935). "Wide Area Is Mapped From Air By Giant Ten Lens Camera". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 535.
^Hearst Magazines (April 1936). "Nine Lens Aerial Camera Films 600 Square Miles". Popular Science. Hearst Magazines. p. 571.
^"Edgerton in World War II: Before Edgerton". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^Cotton, Sidney (1969). Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story. Chatto & Windus. p. 169. ISBN 0-7011-1334-0.
^Azam Qadri (2014). Sentinels in the Sky: A Saga of PAF's Gallant Air Warriors. PAF Book Club. pp. 12–19.
^"Air Commodore FS Hussain: The pioneer of PAF aerobatics". The News International. 23 March 2019.
^ abc"Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing". University of Colorado Boulder. 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
^Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring". The Photogrammetric Record. 15 (89): 715–724. Bibcode:1997PgRec..15..715M. doi:10.1111/0031-868X.00080. S2CID 140189982.
^Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). "Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain". Ecography. 24 (3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x.
^Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). "Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science. 30 (4): 1456–1472. Bibcode:2014MMamS..30.1456S. doi:10.1111/mms.12126.
^Yan, Guangjian; Li, Chaoyang; Zhou, Guoqing; Zhang, Wuming; Li, Xiaowen (2007). "Automatic Extraction of Power Lines from Aerial Images". IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 4 (3): 387–391. Bibcode:2007IGRSL...4..387Y. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2007.895714. S2CID 33499293.
^Stark, M. T., Griffin, P., Phoeurn, C., Ledgerwood, J., Dega, M., Mortland, C., ... & Latinis, K. (1999). Results of the 1995–1996 archaeological field investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia. Asian Perspectives 38(1)
^United States Federal Aviation Regulations FAR part 91 section 119(14CFR91.119)
^ abFederal register
^Guthrie, Brett (2018-10-05). "Text - H.R.302 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^Chavers, Marcus (2018-10-04). "Drone Enthusiasts and Industry Await FAA Reauthorization Act". News Ledge. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^"Certificated Remote Pilots including Commercial Operators". www.faa.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^Steve Hynes (October 1994). "Eye in the Sky". Professional Photographer. pp. 53–56.
^"Understanding how your drone is controlled". Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^"Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^"Civil Aviation Safety Authority". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^"List of UAS Operator Certificate Holders". Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^"Part 101 Amendments – Cutting red tape for remotely piloted aircraft". CASA. 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
^Huerta, Michael P. (18 June 2014). "Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft" (PDF). FAA. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^"U.S. Transportation Secretary Foxx Announces FAA Exemptions for Commercial UAS Movie and TV Production". Press Release. FAA. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^Public Law 112–95, section 336(c).
^California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 206 (1986)
^"SUMMARY OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT RULE (PART 107)" (PDF). FAA. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^"Security Sensitive Airspace Restrictions". FAA. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^"UK Drone law". Aerial Republic. 24 March 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^"Lecture 6.1: Classification of Photographs". The Remote Sensing Core Curriculum. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. 1999. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^Short, Nicholas (2010-04-28). "Elements of Aerial Photography". Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 10-1. NASA. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^What is the difference between leaf-on and leaf-off imagery?, MapaSyst, Extension Foundation, August 21, 2019
^Mademlis, Ioannis; Nikolaidis, Nikos; Tefas, Anastasios; Pitas, Ioannis; Tilman, Wagner; Messina, Alberto (2019). "Autonomous UAV cinematography: A tutorial and a formalized shot-type taxonomy". ACM Computing Surveys. 52 (5). New York, NY: ACM: 1–33. doi:10.1145/3347713. S2CID 202676119.
^"AERIGON cinema drone (UAV) pioneering in film production". Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Further reading
[edit]
Price, Alfred (2003). Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945. [S.l.]: Military Book Club. N.B.: First published 2003 by Greenhill Books, London. ISBN 0-7394-3496-9
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aerial photography.
Look up aerial photography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Aerial Photography: An Overview on YouTube, from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
v
t
e
Photography
Equipment
Camera
Box camera
light-field
digital
field
instant
phone
pinhole
press
rangefinder
SLR
still
TLR
toy
view
Darkroom
enlarger
safelight
Film
base
format
holder
stock
available films
discontinued films
Filter
Flash
beauty dish
cucoloris
gobo
hot shoe
lens hood
monolight
reflector
snoot
softbox
Lens
long-focus
prime
zoom
wide-angle
fisheye
swivel
telephoto
Manufacturers
Monopod
Movie projector
Slide projector
Tripod
head
Zone plate
Terminology
35 mm equivalent focal length
Angle of view
Aperture
Backscatter
Black-and-white
Chromatic aberration
Circle of confusion
Clipping
Color balance
Color temperature
Depth of field
Depth of focus
Exposure
Exposure compensation
Exposure value
Zebra patterning
F-number
Film format
large
medium
Film speed
Focal length
Guide number
Hyperfocal distance
Lens flare
Metering mode
Perspective distortion
Photograph
Photographic printing
Albumen
Photographic processes
Reciprocity
Red-eye effect
Science of photography
Shutter speed
Sync
Zone System
Genres
Abstract
Aerial
Aircraft
Architectural
Astrophotography
Banquet
Candid
Conceptual
Conservation
Cloudscape
Documentary
Eclipse
Ethnographic
Erotic
Fashion
Fine-art
Fire
Fireworks
Forensic
Glamour
High-speed
Landscape
Monochrome
Nature
Neues Sehen
Nude
Photojournalism
Pictorialism
Pornography
Portrait
Post-mortem
Ruins
Selfie
space selfie
Social documentary
Sports
Still life
Stock
Straight photography
Street
Underwater
Vernacular
Wedding
Wildlife
Techniques
Afocal
Blur
Bokeh
Bracketing
Brenizer
Burst mode
Combination printing
Contre-jour
Crittercam (Pigeon photography)
ETTR
Fill flash
Focus stacking
Hand-colouring
Harris shutter
High-speed
Holography
Infrared
Intentional camera movement
Kirlian
Kite aerial
Lo-fi photography
Lomography
Long-exposure
Luminogram
Macro
Manipulation
Mordançage
Multiple exposure
Multi-exposure HDR capture
Night
Panning
Panoramic
Photogram
Photomontage
Print toning
Redscale
Rephotography
Rollout
Scanography
Schlieren photography
Sabattier effect
Slow motion
Stereoscopy
Stopping down
Strip
Slit-scan
Sprocket hole
Sun printing
Tilt–shift
Miniature faking
Time-lapse
Ultraviolet
Vignetting
Xerography
Zoom burst
Composition
Diagonal method
Framing
Headroom
Lead room
Rule of thirds
Simplicity
Golden triangle (composition)
History
Timeline of photography technology
Albumen print
Ambrotype
Film photography
Autochrome Lumière
Calotype
Camera obscura
Daguerreotype
Dufaycolor
Heliography
Lippmann plate
Painted photography backdrops
Photography and the law
Photographic plate
Salt print
Tintype
Visual arts
Regional
Albania
Bangladesh
Canada
China
Denmark
Greece
India
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Norway
Philippines
Serbia
Slovenia
Sudan
Taiwan
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Digital photography
Digital camera
D-SLR
MILC
camera back
Digiscoping
Comparison of digital and film photography
Film scanner
Image sensor
CMOS APS
CCD
Three-CCD camera
Foveon X3 sensor
Photo response non-uniformity
Image sharing
Pixel
Color photography
Print film
Chromogenic print
Reversal film
Color management
color space
primary color
CMYK color model
RGB color model
Photographic
processing
Anthotype
Bleach bypass
C-41 process
Carbon print
Collodion process
Cross processing
Cyanotype
Developer
Digital image processing
Dye coupler
E-6 process
Fixer
Gelatin silver process
Gum printing
Instant film
K-14 process
Photogravure
Print permanence
Push processing
Salt print
Stop bath
Lists
Largest photographs
Most expensive photographs
Museums devoted to one photographer
Photographs considered the most important
Photographers
Norwegian
Polish
street
women
Photography periodicals
Related
Conservation and restoration of photographs
film
photographic plates
Polaroid art
Stereoscopy
Say cheese
Authority control databases
International
GND
National
United States
France
BnF data
Japan
Czech Republic
Spain
Israel
2
Other
NARA
2
Yale LUX
About Burj Al Arab
Luxury hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
For other uses, see Burj (disambiguation).
This article is about Burj Al Arab Jumeirah. For other uses, see Borg El Arab (disambiguation).
Burj Al Arab برج العرب
Jumeirah Burj Al Arab in 2007
Interactive map of the Burj Al Arab برج العرب area
The Jumeirah Burj Al Arab (Arabic: برج العرب, lit.'Arab Tower'), commonly known as Burj Al Arab, is a luxury hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[8] Developed and managed by Jumeirah, it is one of the tallest hotels in the world, although 39% of its total height is made up of non-occupiable space.[9][10][11] Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island that is 280 m (920 ft) from Jumeirah Beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to resemble the sail of a dhow.[12] It has a helipad near the roof, at a height of 210 m (689 ft) above ground.
Site
[edit]
The beachfront area where Jumeirah Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Chicago Beach.[13] The hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land, 280 m (920 ft) offshore of the beach of the former Chicago Beach Hotel. The former hotel was demolished during the construction of the Burj Al Arab.[14] The locale's name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tanks, known locally as Kazzans, on the site.[13]
History
[edit]
The Burj Al Arab was designed by the British multidisciplinary consultancy Atkins, led by architect Tom Wright of WKA. He came up with the iconic design and signature translucent fiberglass facade that serves as a shield from the desert sun during the day and as a screen for illumination at night.[15] The design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick Gregory, and construction managed by David Kirby also of WS Atkins. The Burj Al Arab's interior is by British-Chinese designer Khuan Chew. Construction of the island began in 1994 and involved up to 2,000 construction workers during peak construction. Two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast", while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium. The setting of a high rise building on saturated soil and the novelty of the project required groundbreaking dynamic analysis and design to take into consideration soil-structure interaction, effect of water, high winds, and helipad among other loads, to help finalize the design and take the project into construction.[16][failed verification]
The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts, now renamed Concor and Al Habtoor Engineering. The interior designs were led and created by Khuan Chew and John Carolan of KCA international and delivered by UAE based Depa Group.[17]
The building opened on 1 December 1999.[1] The New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2000 with the inauguration of the United Arab Emirates.
The hotel's helipad was designed by Irish architect Rebecca Gernon.[18] The helipad is at the building's 28th floor, and the helipad been used as a car race track, a boxing ring, has hosted a tennis match, and the jumping off point for the highest kite surfing jump in history.[19]
In 2017, the hotel hosted the wedding of Daniel Kinahan, head of the Kinahan Organized Crime Group.[20] The wedding was attended by several prominent drug traffickers, such as Ridouan Taghi, Edin Gačanin, 'Ricardo (El Rico) Riquelme Vega, and Raffaele Imperiale.[20]
Features
[edit]
An AgustaWestland A109E Power landing on the Burj Al Arab's helipad
Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 m (920 ft) offshore. To secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 40-metre-long (130 ft) concrete piles into the sand by drilling method.[21]
Engineers created a ground surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern, which serves to protect the foundation from erosion. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it took less than three years to construct the building itself. The building contains over 70,000 m3 (92,000 yd3) of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel.[21]
Inside the building, the atrium is 180 m (590 ft) tall.[22]
Given the height of the building, the Burj Al Arab is the world's fifth tallest hotel after Gevora Hotel, JW Marriott Marquis Dubai, Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur and Rose and Rayhaan by Rotana. But if buildings with mixed use were stripped off the list, the Burj Al Arab would be the world's third tallest hotel. The structure of the Rose Rayhaan, also in Dubai, is 333 metres (1,093 ft) tall,[23] 12 m (39 ft) taller than the Burj Al Arab, which is 321 metres (1,053 ft) tall.[23]The Burj Al Arab's helipad, located 210 meters above ground, has been the site of several high-profile events, including a tennis match between Roger Federer and Andre Agassi, and stunts by Red Bull athletes.[citation needed]
Rooms and suites
[edit]
The hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group. The hotel has 199 exclusive suites each allocated eight dedicated staff members and a 24-hour butler service.[24] The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m2 (1,820 sq ft), the largest covers 780 m2 (8,400 sq ft).[25]
The Royal Suite, billed at US$24,000 per night, is listed at number 12 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012.[26]
The Burj Al Arab is very popular with the Chinese market, which made up 25 percent of all bookings at the hotel in 2011 and 2012.[27]
Restaurants
[edit]
Al MuntahaAl Mahara
There are six restaurants in the hotel, including:
Al Muntaha ("The Ultimate"), is located 200 m (660 ft) above the Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full cantilever that extends 27 m (89 ft) from either side of the mast, and is accessed by a panoramic elevator.[citation needed]
Al Mahara ("Oyster"), which is accessed via a simulated submarine voyage, features a large seawater aquarium, holding roughly 990,000 L (260,000 US gal) of water. The wall of the tank, made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure, is about 18 cm (7.1 in) thick.[citation needed]
Rating
[edit]
While the hotel has sometimes been described as "the world's only 'seven-star' hotel", the hotel management claims never to have done so themselves. The term appeared due to a British journalist who had visited the hotel on a tour before it was officially opened. The journalist described Burj al Arab as "more than anything she has ever seen" and therefore referred to it as a seven-star hotel.[28] A Jumeirah Group spokesperson said "There's not a lot we can do to stop it. We're not encouraging the use of the term. We've never used it in our advertising."[29]
Reception
[edit]
Burj Al Arab has attracted criticism as "a contradiction of sorts, considering how well-designed and impressive the construction ultimately proves to be."[25] The contradiction here seems to be related to the hotel's decor. "This extraordinary investment in state-of-the-art construction technology stretches the limits of the ambitious urban imagination in an exercise that is largely due to the power of excessive wealth." Another critic includes negative critiques for the city of Dubai as well: "both the hotel and the city, after all, are monuments to the triumph of money over practicality. Both elevate style over substance."[25] Yet another: "Emulating the quality of palatial interiors, in an expression of wealth for the mainstream, a theater of opulence is created in Burj Al Arab ... The result is a baroque effect".[25]
In popular culture
[edit]
The last chapter of the espionage novel Performance Anomalies[30][31] takes place at the top of the Burj Al Arab,[32] where the spy protagonist Cono 7Q discovers that through deadly betrayal his spy nemesis Katerina has maneuvered herself into the top echelon of the government of Kazakhstan. The hotel can also be seen in Syriana and also some Bollywood movies.[which?]
Richard Hammond included the building in his television series Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections.
The Jumeirah Burj Al Arab serves as the cover image for the 2009 album Ocean Eyes by Owl City.
The Burj Al Arab was the site of the last task of the fifth episode of the first season of the Chinese edition of The Amazing Race, where teams had to clean up a room to the hotel's standards.[33][34]
The building is featured in Matthew Reilly's novel The Six Sacred Stones, where a kamikaze pilot crashes a plane into the hotel, destroying it in an attempt to kill the protagonist, Jack West Jr.
The building was the location of the main challenge of the ninth episode of the Canadian-American animated television series Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race,[35] where contestants were tasked to either return a serve from a tennis robot on the hotel's helipad, or squeegee an entire column of the hotel's windows.
See also
[edit]
Hotels portal
W Barcelona (Hotel Vela) – skyscraper of similar appearance in Barcelona, Spain (sail)
Oman TiT – residential skyscraper of similar appearance in Taipei, Taiwan (sail)
Elite Plaza – a similar-shaped skyscraper in Yerevan, Armenia
JW Marriott Panama (Panama City) – similar structure
Spinnaker Tower, Portsmouth – similar structure in Portsmouth, UK
Vasco da Gama Tower – a skyscraper of similar appearance in Lisbon, Portugal (sail)
Sail Tower – a skyscraper of similar appearance in Haifa, Israel (sail)
List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates
List of buildings in Dubai
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
References
[edit]
^ ab
"Media Fact File of Burj Al Arab" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
^Swibel, Matthew (15 March 2014). "Forbes.com: Arabian Knight". www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
^ abcd"Burj Al Arab Hotel – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
^"Emporis building ID 107803". Emporis. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020.
^"Burj Al Arab". SkyscraperPage.
^Burj Al Arab at Structurae
^"Stay at Burj Al Arab". Jumeirah. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^Eytan, Declan. "Milan: Inside the World's Only Certified 7 Star Hotel". Forbes. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^"Vanity Height: the Use-less Space in Today's Tallest". CTBUH. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^"Study: Skyscrapers Topped by Wasted Space". World Property Channel. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^Solon, Olivia (6 September 2013). "Report names and shames vanity skyscrapers with unnecessary spires". Wired. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^"Burj Al Arab". www.atkinsglobal.com. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
^ abKrane, Jim City of Mud: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism, page 103, St. Martin's Press (15 September 2009)
^"Dubai's Chicago Beach Hotel". Dubai As It Used To Be. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^Chalhoub, Michel Soto (1993). "Structural Design and Deep Foundation Soil-Structure Interaction of Burj-Al-Arab - A Comparison of Two Alternatives". Parsons Engineering.
^Pantin, Travis (17 February 2009). "Depa announces strong growth". The National. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
^"From the inside out". Construction Week Online Middle East. March 2011.
^"Global Gateway". CNN. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ abCaesar, Ed (20 October 2025). "The Cocaine Kingpin Living Large in Dubai". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X.
^ ab"Burj Al Arab". EgyptEng.com engineering directory. 2000. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
^"VIDEO: Burj Al Arab's 15th anniversary 'dream'". HotelierME. 28 November 2014.
^ ab"The world's 17 tallest hotels – for the ultimate room with a view". The Telegraph. 11 February 2016. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^"Burj Al Arab". www.jumeirah.com. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
^ abcdDamluji, Salma Samar, The Architecture of the U.A.E.. Reading, UK: 2006.
^Arnold, Helen "World's 15 most expensive hotel suites" Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine CNN Go. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012
^"Jumeirah gets ravenous for China". TTGmice. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
^Parr, Christopher. "Burj Al Arab Jumeirah, Dubai: Inside The 7 Star Luxury Hotel". Business Insider. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^Bundhun, Rebecca (14 July 2009). "Hotel star ratings standards long overdue". The National. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
^"Performance Anomalies". Goodreads. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^Lee, Victor Robert (20 December 2012). Performance Anomalies. USA: Perimeter Six. ISBN 978-1-938409-22-6.
^Lee, Victor Robert (15 January 2013). Performance Anomalies: A Novel. Perimeter Six Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-1-938409-20-2.
^"Burj Al Arab hotel stars in Chinese reality TV show". Arabian Business. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^"卓美亚集团与「极速前进」首次合作" [Jumeirah Group collaborates with The Amazing Race for the first time]. Neeu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^"Press Release". corusent.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Further reading
[edit]
Rose, Steve (28 November 2005). "Architecture: Sand and freedom". The Guardian.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Burj Al Arab (category)
Official website
Records
Preceded by
Dubai World Trade Center
Tallest building in Dubai
1999 – 2000
Succeeded by
Emirates Office Tower
v
t
e
Jumeirah Group
Facilities
Burj Al Arab
The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Jumeirah Carlton Tower
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
Madinat Jumeirah
Palais Quartier
Wild Wadi Water Park
Related
Dubai Holding
v
t
e
Timeline of the world's tallest hotels
Hotel New Netherland (71m, 1893)
Hotel Manhattan (76m, 1896)
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel (111.9m, 1924)
Waldorf Astoria Hotel (191m, 1931)
Hotel Ukraina, Moscow (198m, 1953)
Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel (220m, 1973)
Westin Renaissance Center Detroit (221.5m, 1977)
Westin Stamford Hotel (226m, 1986)
Baiyoke Tower II (304m, 1997)
Burj Al Arab (321m, 1999)
Le Royal Méridien Shanghai at Shimao International Plaza (333m, 2006)
Rose Tower (333m, 2009)
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai (355m, 2012)
Gevora Hotel (356m, 2017)
Ciel Tower (377m, 2025)
v
t
e
Dubai skyscrapers
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
Supertalls
> 350 m
Burj Khalifa (828 m)
Marina 101 (425 m)
Princess Tower (414 m)
23 Marina (392.8 m)
Elite Residence (381 m)
Ciel Tower (377 m)
Address Boulevard (370 m)
Almas Tower (360 m)
Gevora Hotel (356 m)
Il Primo Dubai (356 m)
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai (355 m)
Emirates Office Tower (355 m)
The Marina Torch (352 m)
300-350 m
Uptown Tower (340 m)
DAMAC Residenze (335 m)
Rose Rayhaan by Rotana (333 m)
Big Ben Tower, Dubai (328 m)
The Index (326 m)
Burj Al Arab (321 m)
HHHR Tower (318 m)
Ocean Heights (310 m)
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel (309 m)
Amna Tower (307 m)
Noora Tower (307 m)
Cayan Tower (306 m)
One Za'abeel (305 m)
Address Downtown (302 m)
Skyscraper
250-300 m
Emirates Crown (296 m)
Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 (294 m)
Sulafa Tower (288 m)
Opera Grand (288 m)
Millennium Tower (285 m)
Al Hekma Tower (282 m)
Marina Pinnacle (280 m)
D1 (277.5 m)
Burj Vista Tower 1 (272 m)
Central Park Towers (270 m)
Radisson Royal Dubai (269 m)
21st Century Tower (269 m)
DAMAC Towers by Paramount Hotels & Resorts (268.1 m)
Al Kazim Towers (265 m)
Ubora Towers (263 m)
Vision Tower (260 m)
Paramount Tower Hotel & Residences (258 m)
Conrad Dubai (255 m)
Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites (254 m)
Chelsea Tower (250 m)
200-250 m
Al Tayer Tower (249 m)
Rolex Tower (247 m)
Al Fattan Marine Towers (245 m)
AAM Tower (244 m)
Sama Tower (240 m)
Churchill Residence (235 m)
Burj Daman (235 m)
Park Place (234 m)
Mag 218 Tower (232 m)
Carlton Hotels & Suites (221 m)
Jumeirah Bay (218 m)
Jumeirah Beach Residence (216 m)
Al Seef Towers (215 m)
Grosvenor House (210 m)
Al Rostamani Maze Tower (210 m)
The One Tower (209 m)
Executive Towers (208 m)
Tamani Hotel Marina (207 m)
Dubai Mixed-Use Towers (201 m)
Shangri-La Hotel (200 m)
150-200 m
Al Salam Tecom Tower (195 m)
Concorde Tower (190 m)
Al Sahab Tower 1 (187 m)
Dubai World Trade Centre (184 m)
Armada Tower 2 (167 m)
Four Points by Sheraton Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai (167 m)
Sky Gardens (160 m)
Al Attar Business Tower (158 m)
World Trade Centre Residence (158 m)
Clusters
Jumeirah Lake Towers
Marina 1
The Residences
See also: Future Dubai skyscrapers and List of tallest buildings in Dubai
Category
v
t
e
Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller)
Completed
Africa
Egypt
Iconic Tower
Americas
Chile
Gran Torre Santiago
Mexico
Torres Obispado
United States
1 Manhattan West
1 World Trade Center (1970–2001) †
111 West 57th Street
2 World Trade Center (1971–2001) †
270 Park Avenue
3 World Trade Center
30 Hudson Yards
35 Hudson Yards
432 Park Avenue
50 Hudson Yards
53W53
875 North Michigan Avenue
Aon Center
Bank of America Plaza
Bank of America Tower
Brooklyn Tower
Central Park Tower
Chrysler Building
Comcast Technology Center
Empire State Building
Franklin Center
JPMorgan Chase Tower
One57
One Vanderbilt
One World Trade Center
Salesforce Tower
St. Regis Chicago
The New York Times Building
The Spiral
Trump International Hotel and Tower
Two Prudential Plaza
U.S. Bank Tower
Wells Fargo Plaza
Willis Tower
Wilshire Grand Center
Asia
China
Baoneng Center
Changsha A9 Financial District
Changsha IFS Tower T1
China Merchants Bank Tower Global HQ
China Resources Headquarters
China World Trade Center Tower III
China Zun
Chongqing IFS T1
Chongqing World Financial Center
CITIC Plaza
Citymark Centre
Dalian International Trade Center
Diwang International Fortune Center
Dongguan International Trade Center 1
East Pacific Center
Eton Place Dalian
Fortune Center
Gate to the East
Greenland Hangzhou Center
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B
Greenland Puli Center
Guangdong Business Center
Guangxi China Resources Tower
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guiyang International Financial Center Tower 1
Hanking Center
Heartland 66 Office Tower
Hengqin International Finance Center
Hon Kwok City Center
Huachuang International Plaza
Huaguoyuan Tower 1
Huaguoyuan Tower 2
Huijin Center Guangzhou
Huiyun Center
Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza
Jin Mao Tower
Jin Wan Plaza 9
Jinan Center Financial City
KK100
Leatop Plaza
Logan Century Center 1
Longxi International Hotel
Minsheng Bank Building
Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1
Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1
One Shenzhen Bay
Pearl River Tower
Ping An International Finance Centre
The Pinnacle
Poly Pazhou
Riverview Plaza
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai World Financial Center
Shenglong Global Center
Shenzhen Center
Shenzhen CFC Changfu Centre
Shenzhen Urban Construction & Tower
Shimao Hunan Center
Shimao International Plaza
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1
Shun Hing Square
Spring City 66
Suning Plaza 1, Wuxi
Suning Plaza Tower 1, Zhenjiang
Suzhou IFS
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre
Tianjin Modern City Office Tower
Tianjin World Financial Center
Wanda Plaza
Wenzhou World Trade Center
White Magnolia Plaza
Wuhan Center
Wuhan Greenland Center
Wuhan Yangtze River Shipping Center
Wuxi IFS
Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel
Xi'an Glory International Financial Center
Xiangjiang Fortune Finance Center
Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour
Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1
Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center
Zhuhai Tower
Zhujiang New City Tower
Zifeng Tower
Hong Kong
Bank of China Tower
Central Plaza
International Commerce Centre
International Finance Centre
Nina Tower
The Center
Indonesia
Autograph Tower
Luminary Tower
Japan
Abeno Harukas
Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower
Kazakhstan
Abu Dhabi Plaza
Kuwait
Al Hamra Tower
Arraya Tower
Malaysia
The Exchange 106
Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur
Merdeka 118
Oxley Tower 1
Petronas Towers
Telekom Tower
Philippines
Metrobank Center
Qatar
Aspire Tower
Lusail Plaza Towers 3 and 4
Saudi Arabia
The Clock Towers
Kingdom Centre
PIF Tower
South Korea
Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith
Haeundae LCT The Sharp
Lotte World Tower
Parc1
Posco Tower-Songdo
Taiwan
85 Sky Tower
Taipei 101
Thailand
Baiyoke Tower II
ICONSIAM
MahaNakhon
Turkey
CBRT Tower
United Arab
Emirates
23 Marina
Address Boulevard
Address Downtown
ADNOC Headquarters
Almas Tower
Amna Tower
Burj Al Arab
Burj Khalifa
Cayan Tower
DAMAC Residenze
Elite Residence
Emirates Office Tower
Etihad Towers
Gevora Hotel
HHHR Tower
Il Primo Dubai
The Index
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai
The Landmark
Marina 101
The Marina Torch
Ocean Heights
Princess Tower
Rose Tower
World Trade Center Abu Dhabi
Vietnam
Landmark 72
Landmark 81
Europe
Poland
Varso Tower
Russia
City of Capitals
Eurasia
Federation Tower
Lakhta Center
Mercury City Tower
Neva Towers 2
OKO Tower
United Kingdom
The Shard
Oceania
Australia
Australia 108
Q1 Tower
†No longer standing.
Under construction
Africa
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters
Côte d'Ivoire
Tour F
Asia
China
Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1
Evergrande Center
Eye of Spring Trade Center
Greenland Group Suzhou Center
Haikou Tower
Knowledge Tower
Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1
Ningbo Center
North Bund Centre
Shandong IFC
South Asian Gate
Suzhou Zhongnan Center
Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28
Wuhan CTF Finance Center
Xi'an Greenland Center
Xiamen International Centre
Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center
Other
Beyond Office Tower
Burj Azizi
Burj Binghatti Jacob & Co Residences
Highwealth Huiguo 90
Jeddah Tower
Legacy Tower
One Bangkok
Taipei Twin Towers
Thamrin Nine
Torch Tower
North America
520 Fifth Avenue
Concord Sky
SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge
One Bloor West
Waldorf Astoria Miami
South America
Senna Tower
On hold
2 World Trade Center
45 Broad Street
Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center
Busan Lotte Town Tower
Chengdu Greenland Tower
Chongqing Tall Tower
Dalian Greenland Center
Diamond Tower (Jeddah)
Dubai Pearl
Dubai Towers Doha
Forum 66
Gate of Kuwait
Goldin Finance 117
Hyundai Global Business Center
Sumou Towers
Mandarin Oriental Chengdu
Marina 106
Namaste Tower
Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower
One Tower
Palais Royale, Mumbai
Pentominium
Runhua Global Center 1
Ryugyong Hotel
Sino-Steel Tower
Skycity
Square Capital Tower
The Stratford Residences
Tameer Commercial Tower
Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower
Tour Financial Hub Center
Tower Infinity
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower
See also
Proposed supertall skyscrapers
List of architects of supertall buildings
v
t
e
Landmarks and attractions in Dubai
Ain Dubai
Al Bastakiya
Al Fahidi Fort
Atlantis, The Palm
Atlantis The Royal
Burj Al Arab
Burj Khalifa
Deep Dive Dubai
Deira Clocktower
Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo
Dubai Autodrome
Dubai Butterfly Garden
Dubai Dolphinarium
Dubai Fountain
Dubai Frame
Dubai Gold Souk
The Dubai Mall
Dubai Marina
Dubai Marina Mall
Dubai Miracle Garden
Dubai Opera
Dubai Parks and Resorts
Dubai Spice Souk
Dubai Textile Souk
Dubai Trolley
Dubai World Trade Centre
Emirates Towers
Global Village
Hatta Heritage Village
Heritage Village Dubai
Hyatt Regency Dubai
Jumeirah Beach
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Madame Tussauds Dubai
Madinat Jumeirah
Museum of the Future
National Bank of Dubai
One Za'abeel
Orbi Dubai
Palm Islands
Queen Elizabeth 2
Real Madrid Resort Island
Real Madrid World
Saeed Al Maktoum House
Ski Dubai
Souk Al Bahar
Waterfront Market
Wild Wadi
The World
Zabeel Park
United Arab Emirates portal
Portals:
United Arab Emirates
Architecture
Authority control databases
International
VIAF
National
United States
Israel
Geographic
Structurae
About Burj Khalifa
Skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Burj Khalifa
برج خليفة
The Burj Khalifa viewed across the Dubai Fountain in October 2012
Interactive map of the Burj Khalifa area
Record height
Tallest in the world since 2009
[I]
Preceded by
Taipei 101
General information
Status
Completed
Type
Mixed-use
Architectural style
Neo-futurism
Location
1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard, Dubai, Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Named for
Sheikh Khalifa
Construction started
6 January 2004; 22 years ago (2004-01-06)
Topped-out
17 January 2009; 17 years ago (2009-01-17)
Completed
1 October 2009; 16 years ago (2009-10-01)
Opened
4 January 2010; 16 years ago (2010-01-04)
Cost
US$1.5 billion
Owner
Emaar Properties
Height
Architectural
828 m (2,717 ft)
Tip
829.8 m (2,722 ft)
Antenna spire
242.5 m (796 ft)
Roof
739.4 m (2,426 ft)
Top floor
585.4 m (1,921 ft)
Observatory
555.7 m (1,823 ft)
Technical details
Structural system
Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium
Floor count
154 + 9 maintenance
Floor area
309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators
57 (mall included)
Design and construction
Architect
Adrian Smith
Architecture firm
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Structural engineer
Bill Baker
Main contractor
Samsung C&T
BESIX
Arabtec
Other information
Parking
2 subterranean levels
Public transit access
M1 At Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall
Website
burjkhalifa.ae
References
[1]
Photographic silhouette of the Dubai skyline; the Burj Khalifa is visible at the center
The Burj Khalifa[a] (known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration) is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it is the world's tallest structure, with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)[2] of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the tallest building in the world since its topping out in 2009, surpassing Taipei 101, which had held the record for a half-decade.[3][4]
Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Some of the structural steel for the building was salvaged from the demolished Palace of the Republic in East Berlin.[5] The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It was designed to be the centerpiece of large-scale, mixed-use development.
The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.[6] The United Arab Emirates government provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, Emaar Properties, experienced financial problems during the Great Recession. Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organized federal financial support. For his support, Mohammad bin Rashid, Ruler of Dubai, changed the name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration.
The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.[7] The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.[8] It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.
Development
[edit]
Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010[9][10] and is part of the 2 km2 (490 acres) Downtown Dubai development at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.[citation needed]
The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as a chief structural engineer.[11][12] The firm had designed the Sears Tower in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.[13]
Hyder Consulting was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, together with the Belgian group BESIX and the local company Arabtec.[14]
Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from South Asia, the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.[15]
Conception
[edit]
Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,[16] nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[17]
The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010.[18] It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects.[18] In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession, leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[19]
Records
[edit]
The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including:
Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)
Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)
Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[20]
Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – 527 m or 1,729 ft)
Building with most floors: 163 (previously World Trade Center – 110)[21]
World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[22]
World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[22][23]
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[24]
World's tallest structure that includes residential space[25]
World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[26]
World's highest restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[27]
World's highest New Year display of fireworks.[28]
World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.[29][30][31]
Architecture and design
[edit]
A cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101, Willis Tower, and the original World Trade Center
The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan.[32][33] Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building.[32][34] Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[35] The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's Lake Point Tower. When Adrian Smith was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower's curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype".[36] According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three, an all-residential building in Seoul. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[37]
After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.[38] Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[39] Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[38] NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD,[40] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.
The design is derived from Islamic architecture.[22] As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimizes vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[7] At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[41]
The spiral minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[42] This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered vanity height, since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own".[2] Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.[43]
In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa.[44]
The cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins.[42] The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area.[citation needed] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.[45]
The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[46][needs update]
A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[3][47] The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[48][49] but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[50] The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[51] yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.
The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[52] Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.[52][53]
The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[42] The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest double-deck elevators, rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.[25] The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[54] The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[55]
Plumbing systems
[edit]
The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[22][56] An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[56]
Air conditioning
[edit]
The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[57] At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[56] Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[22]
Window cleaning
[edit]
To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 ft2) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[58][59] Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.[42][60]
Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne, Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,[61] at a cost of A$8 million.[60]
Features
[edit]
Fountain
[edit]
The Dubai Fountain
Main article: The Dubai Fountain
Outside the Burj Khalifa, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.[62] On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[63]
Observation deck
[edit]
Main article: At the Top (Burj Khalifa)
View of The Dubai Fountain from the observation deckView from the observation deck
An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).[64] It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014.[65][66] However, in June 2016 the Shanghai Tower opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest observation deck. Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.[67]
The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[68][69][70] To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[71]
On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[72][73][74][75][76]
When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.[77]
Park
[edit]
Main article: Burj Park
Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[78] Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis, a desert plant.[79] At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.[80]
The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.[80] WET Enterprises, who also developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the park's six water features.[81]
Floor plan
[edit]
Floors
Purpose[42][82]
Dimetric projection with floors colour-coded by function[83]
160–163
Mechanical
156–159
Communication and broadcast
155
Mechanical
152–154
The Lounge observatory
149–151
Corporate suites
148
At the Top Sky observatory
139–147
Corporate suites
136–138
Mechanical
125–135
Corporate suites
124
At the Top observatory
123
Sky lobby
122
At.mosphere restaurant
111–121
Corporate suites
109–110
Mechanical
77–108
Residential
76
Sky lobby
73–75
Mechanical
44–72
Residential
43
Sky lobby
40–42
Mechanical
38–39
Armani Hotel suites
19–37
Residential
17–18
Mechanical
9–16
Armani Residences
1–8
Armani Hotel
Ground
Armani Hotel, Lobby
Concourse
Armani Hotel, Lobby
B1–B2
Parking, Mechanical
Ramadan observance
[edit]
On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor should wait two extra minutes to break their Ramadan fast, and those living above the 150th floor should wait three minutes.[84]
Construction
[edit]
Animation of construction processAerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008
The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101.[85] Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with BESIX from Belgium and Arabtec from the UAE.[86][87] Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract.[88] Hong Kong-based Far East Aluminium combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.[89][90]
The contractor and the engineer of record was Hyder Consulting.[91] Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[24] Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar, and construction took 22 million man-hours.[11] In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[24] the 156th floor. Three tower cranes were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[92] The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.
In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure.[93]"Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface.[94] Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[95] The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area".[citation needed] Another challenging element was the shamal which often creates sandstorms.[20]
Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons; 110,000 long tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[25] The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons; 440,000 long tons). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.[96] A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.[42][20]
During the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the Palace of the Republic in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the Volkskammer of the former East Germany. The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.[5]
The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[42][97]
Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup, working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building.[98]
The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.[99][100][101][102][103]
Milestones
[edit]
Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010
January 2004: Excavation commences.[26]
February 2004: Piling starts.[26]
21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[104]
March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[26]
June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[26]
February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors.
13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[26][105]
21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[26][106]
12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).
12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[26][107]
7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.[26][108]
17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[109]
1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.[110]
17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[111]
1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[112]
4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.[4]
10 March 2010: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[113]
Real estate values
[edit]
In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of the project's developer, Emaar Properties, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m2) and the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).[114] He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion.[6]
The project's completion coincided with the Great Recession, and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.[115] With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support.[4][116]
Because of the slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[117][118] Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.[119] By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[120]
Official launch ceremony
[edit]
The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa
The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere.[121] Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[122] In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[123]
The opening was held on 4 January 2010.[124] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[122] The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates.[125] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.[citation needed]
Controversies
[edit]
Incidents
[edit]
On 10 May 2011, an Asian migrant worker in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.[126]
On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the Jumeirah Lake Towers.[127][128] Nine News obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under freedom of information laws, which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.[129]
Labour
[edit]
Further information: Human rights in the United Arab Emirates
The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[130][131] This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[132][133] On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[109] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[130] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[134][135][136] During construction, one construction-related death was reported.[137] Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.[134]
In March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[130] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[130] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[130]
New Year's Eve
[edit]
Emaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by Emaar Properties.[138][139] The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on The Dubai Fountain choreographed to the soundtrack.[140][141] The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.[142]
Since 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by Dubai Media Incorporated and Dubai TV.[142]
Emaar New Year's Eve has won two Guinness World Records, including "Largest LED-Illuminated Facade" in 2015 and 2019.[143][144][145]
In 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on Twitter,[146][147] and YouTube. In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on Zoom.[148]
In 2021, Emaar celebrated solidarity in honour of frontline workers of the COVID-19 pandemic.[149]
For the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.[150]
BASE jumping
[edit]
The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:
In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.[151][152]
On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[153][154]
On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[155][156][157]
Climbing
[edit]
On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman" Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness.[158]
Awards
[edit]
Burj Khalifa artwork project made of Lego in Bricksworld 2014
In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[159] On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[160] Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, said:
We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.[161]
Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.[162][163]
Year
Award
2012
Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), Chicago.
2011
Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room.
Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter.
Outstanding Structure Award from International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from MEED (formerly Middle East Economic Digest).
Project of the Year from MEED.
2010
International Architecture Award.
Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit.
Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards.
Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards.
International Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape.
Best Mixed Use Built Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi.
Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from Emporis.
Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from Institution of Structural Engineers.
International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards.
Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards.
Best Structural Design of the Year from LEAF Award.
International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from National Council of Structural Engineers Associations.
Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine.
Spark Awards, Silver Award.
Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI.
See also
[edit]
United Arab Emirates portal
Architecture portal
List of buildings in Dubai
List of buildings with 100 floors or more
List of development projects in Dubai
List of tallest buildings and structures
List of tallest freestanding structures
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates
^ ab"the world's vainest skyscrapers". Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
^ ab"Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ abcBianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (4 January 2010). "World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ ab"Berlin's Demolished Socialist Palace is Revived in Dubai". Deutsche Welle. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
^ abStanglin, Douglas (2 January 2010). "Dubai opens world's tallest building". USA Today. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ abBaker, William; Pawlikowski, James. "Higher and Higher: The Evolution of the Buttressed Core" (PDF). academic.csuohio.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^"Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced". Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^"World's tallest building opens in Dubai". BBC News. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ ab"Burj Dubai reaches a record high". Emaar Properties. 21 July 2007. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
^Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). "Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm". ArchitectOnline. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^"Willis Tower – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 13 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
^"Burj Dubai, Dubai – SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^"Archi-Ninja | Burj Khalifa (Dubai) – The Truth Behind the Bling". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^"Buildings that elevated cities: Dubai's Burj Khalifa". ww3.rics.org. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^Stack, Megan (13 October 2005). "In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2006.
^ ab"Dubai Tower's Name Reflects U.A.E. Shift". Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015.
^Lewis, Paul (13 February 2009). "Dubai's six-year building boom grinds to a halt as financial crisis takes hold". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021.
^ abcDupré, Judith (2013). Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings-Revised and Updated. New York: Hachette/Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-57912-942-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^"WTC Timeline". Silverstein Properties. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
^ abcde"Burj Khalifa: Towering challenge for builders". GulfNews.com. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^"Burj Khalifa". Otis Elevator. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
^ abc"Burj Khalifa – Conquering the World's Tallest Building". ForConstructionPros.com. 12 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ abc"Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com". Emporis. Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
^ abcdefghi"Burj Dubai Construction Timeline". BurjDubai.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^"And the world's highest restaurant is ready to serve". Emirates 24/7. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
^"Jaw-Dropping Fireworks at Burj Khalifa Enthrall Thousands". Gulfnews.com. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
^"New Year fireworks at Burj Khalifa to return this year". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^"Burj Khalifa to have special light show this New Year's Eve, but what about the fireworks?t". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^"Emaar bags Guinness World Record title for largest light and sound show on a single building". Saudigazette. 6 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ ab"Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings". Constructionweekonline.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^"Burj Khalifa". AllAboutSkyscrapers.com. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^Bayley, Stephen (5 January 2010). "Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
^"IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details". ialcce2012.boku.ac.at. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^Kamin, Blair. "50 years later, Lake Point Tower is a singular achievement — and let's hope it stays that way". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
^"Architect reveals Burj Dubai height". Arabian Business. 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
^"Hyder reinforces its reputation for unrivaled engineering ability with the opening of the Burj Khalifa – the world's tallest building". Hyder Consulting. Retrieved 10 January 2010.[dead link]
^"GHD is playing a vital role in managing the long term structural integrity of the world's tallest building, the Burj Dubai Tower". GHD. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
^Saberi, Mahmood (19 April 2008). "Burj Dubai is the height of success". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^ abcdefg"Structural Elements – Elevator, Spire, and More". BurjDubai.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^"Vanity height: how much space in skyscrapers is unoccupiable?". The Guardian. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Leads Process for Art Program at Burj Dubai". 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 April 2010.
^Shapiro, Gideon Fink (11 March 2010). "Detail: Burj Khalifa Curtain Wall (Architect Magazine)". www.architectmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^"Temperature and Elevation". United States Department of Energy. 21 May 2002. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
^"Armani Hotel Burj Dubai, United Arab Emirates". hotelmanagement-network.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
^"Worlds first Armani Hotel to open on 18 March 2010 in Dubai". EyeOfDubai.com. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
^Sambidge, Andy (4 January 2010). "Burj Dubai's Armani hotel to open on Mar 18". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
^"Armani hotel opens in Dubai's Khalifa tower". The Jerusalem Post. 27 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^"Burj Dubai: Fact Sheet". Eyeofdubai.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
^ ab"Burj Dubai to welcome residents in Feb 2010". Business Standard. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
^"Burj Dubai To Welcome First Residents From February 2010 Onwards". DubaiCityGuide. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
^CW Staff (16 January 2010). "How the Burj was built". ConstructionWeekOnline.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
^"Top 10 Burj Khalifa facts: Part 3". ConstructionWeekOnline.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
^ abc"Escaping the Dubai Downturn: Voltas's Latest Engineering Feat". Wharton, University of Pennsylvania. 20 April 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
^"Air Conditioning in Burj Khalifa". Timeoutdubai.com. 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
^"A tall order: Burj Dubai all set to come clean". Gulf News. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^ Window cleaning the world's tallest building on YouTube from Supersized Earth – Episode 1 – BBC One Archived 4 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ abDobbin, Marika (5 January 2010). "So you think your windows are hard to keep clean?". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^Malkin, Bonnie (5 January 2010). "Burj Khalifa: window cleaners to spend months on world's tallest building". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2011.,
^Tolbert, Jason (6 February 2015). "The Dubai Fountain". Architect Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^"'Dubai Fountain' is winning name of Emaar's water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai". Emaar Properties. 26 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
^"Burj Dubai Observation Deck Opens to The Public On Jan 5". Bayut.com. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^Willett, Megan (17 October 2014). "Dubai's Burj Khalifa Now Has The Highest Observation Deck In The World At 1,821 Feet, And It Looks Incredible". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^"At the Top, Burj Khalifa Experience". burjkhalifa.ae. Burj Khalifa. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^"Burj Khalifa Observation Deck". Retrieved 4 May 2025.
^"Augmented Reality – gsmprjct°". gsmprjct°. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^"At the Top, Burj Khalifa". gsmprjct°. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^"Une firme québécoise dans la plus haute tour du monde". Journal de Montréal (in French). 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
^"'At The Top' Observation Deck Ticket Information". Emaar Properties. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^"Emaar Says Burj Khalifa Observation Deck Closed for Maintenance". Bloomberg. 8 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
^Tomlinson, Hugh (10 February 2010). "Terrifying lift ordeal at Burj Khalifa tower, the world's tallest building". The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^"World's tallest building, Burj Khalifa, reopens observation deck". The Guardian. UK. 5 April 2010. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
^"Burj Khalifa observation deck reopens". GulfNews.com. 5 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
^Rackl, Lori (5 April 2010). "Machu Picchu and Burj Khalifa back in biz". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^"The View From Dubai". The New York Times. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^"An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai". Emaar Properties. 20 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
^"An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai". BurjDubai.com. 20 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
^ abBaxter, Elsa (20 December 2009). "11-hectare park unveiled at Burj Dubai site". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
^"An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai". Emaar Properties. 20 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
^"Inside the Burj Dubai". Maktoob News. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
^"Burj Khalifa – Structural engineering". Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
^BBC Staff (7 August 2011). "Dubai Burj Khalifa: Ramadan fast 'lasts longer high up'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
^"Samsung E&C Projects". Samsung Engineering & Construction. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^"Profits on the descent at Burj Khalifa builder Arabtec". The National. 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018. Arabtec Holding, the UAE's biggest construction company, posted a 15 per cent decline in full-year profit.
^"Besix wins $2.7bn Abu Dhabi building orders". Arabian Business. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2018. Besix, the Belgian contractor that helped build the Burj Khalifa, said that it had won $2.7bn worth of orders in Abu Dhabi.
^"Turner International Projects – Burj Dubai". Turner Construction. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^"Technical Case Studies – Burj Khalifa". Far East Global Group. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^"Dubai skyscraper missing its 'curtain wall' exterior". Far East Global Group. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^"Hyder consulting presenting Burj Dubai to the world". Arabian Business. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
^Croucher, Martin (11 November 2009). "Myth of 'Babu Sassi' Remains After Burj Cranes Come Down". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^Harry G. Poulos, Grahame Bunce (2008). "Foundation Design for the Burj Dubai – The World's Tallest Building" (PDF). 6th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Medium dense to very loose granular silty sands (Marine Deposits) are underlain by successions of very weak to weak sandstone interbedded with very weakly cemented sand, gypsiferous fine-grained sandstone/siltstone, and weak to moderately weak conglomerate/calcisiltite.
^"Burj Khalifa | PDF | Engineering | Civil Engineering". Scribd. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
^Randy Post (4 January 2010). "Foundations and Geotechnical Engineering for the Burj Dubai – World's Tallest Building". GeoPrac. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016. The soil/rock conditions were generally loose to medium dense sands overlying weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone with interbeds of gypsiferous and carbonate cemented layers (still relatively weak).
^Van Hampton, Tudor (2 April 2008). "Clyde N. Baker Jr". Engineering News-Record. New York: McGraw Hill Construction. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^Puckett, Katie (3 October 2008). "Burj Dubai: Top of the world". Building. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^"Clients & Projects – Burj Khalifa, the Tallest Building in the World". CTLGroup. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
^Al-Tayyib, A.J.; Baluch, M.H.; Sharif, Al-Farabi M.; Mahamud, M.M. (1989). "The effect of thermal cycling on the durability of concrete made from local materials in the Arabian Gulf countries". Cement and Concrete Research. 19 (1): 131–142. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(89)90073-2. ISSN 0008-8846.
^Ji, Jun; Elnashai, Amr S.; Kuchma, Daniel A. (2009). "Seismic fragility relationships of reinforced concrete high-rise buildings". The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 18 (3): 259–277. doi:10.1002/tal.408. ISSN 1541-7794. S2CID 109960316.
^Gjørv, Odd E. (2011). "Durability of concrete structures". Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 36 (2): 151–172. Bibcode:2011AJSE...36..151G. doi:10.1007/s13369-010-0033-5. ISSN 1319-8025. S2CID 110936887.
^Friedman, Daniel (2018). "Effects of curing temperature on concrete: shrinkage cracks and spalling concrete". Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
^Bester, Nicholas (2013). "Concrete for high-rise buildings: Performance requirements, mix design and construction considerations". Structural Concrete Properties and Practice: 1–4.
^"Dubai skyscraper world's tallest". BBC News. 22 July 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^"Burj Dubai: Unimix sets record for concrete pumping". Dubai News Online. 25 May 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
^"Burj Dubai Official Website". Emaar Properties. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^"CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
^"Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure". Emaar Properties. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
^ ab"Emaar increases height of Burj Dubai; completion in September 2009". Emaar Properties. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
^"Burj Dubai now a record 688 m tall and continues to rise". Emaar Properties. 1 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^"Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business 24-7. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
^"Burj Dubai exterior done, to open this year". Maktoob News. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
^"Tallest Trends and the Burj Khalifa". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
^"Burj Dubai offices to top US$4,000 per sq ft". Zawya. 5 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^Christopher Hawthorne (1 January 2010). "The Burj Dubai and architecture's vacant stare". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^"828-metre Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa". Maktoob Group. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^Reagan, Brad (14 October 2010). "Burj Khalifa rents tumble 40%". The National. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^McGinley, Shane (21 October 2010). "Armani Residences defy 70% Burj Khalifa price drop". Arabian Business. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
^"Offices stand empty in tallest tower, the Burj Khalifa". BBC. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
^"Emaar Reports 80% Occupancy Levels In Burj Khalifa". REIDIN.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^Moonshiner (29 November 2018). "Best Bars in Dubai with Burj Khalifa Views". Moonshine. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ abSambidge, Andy (3 January 2010). "Burj Dubai ceremony details revealed". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
^"Two billion to watch Burj Dubai opening". Maktoob Business. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
^Huang, Carol (5 January 2010). "World's tallest building: What's it worth to have the Dubai tower – and what should people call it?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^Devine, Rachel (21 February 2010). "Designer's light touches far and wide". The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
^"Man dies in jump from world's tallest building". CNN. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
^"No suicide at Burj Khalifa say Dubai Police". Gulf News. 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
^Perring, Rebecca (19 May 2015). "Is Dubai trying to cover-up woman's death from the top of world's tallest building?". Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^Saunokonoko, Mark (16 November 2017). "How rich Gulf emirate Dubai covered up woman's suicide from top of Burj Khalifa". Nine News Australia. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ abcdeWhitaker, Brian (23 March 2006). "Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2006.
^"Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret!". The Hindu. India. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^Ayesha Almazroui. "Emiratisation won't work if people don't want to learn". thenational.ae. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^Rania Moussly, Staff Reporter (10 February 2012). "Blacklist seeks to deter Emirati job aspirants from being fussy". gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ ab"Building Towers, Cheating Workers Section V." Human Rights Watch. 11 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
^"Dark side of the Dubai dream". BBC. 6 April 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^"Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa". Migrant-Rights.org. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^"Keeping the Burj Dubai site safe for workers". gulfnews. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
^"Emaar Properties". www.forbes.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^"NYE fireworks at Dubai's Burj Khalifa: How you can get access to Downtown". khaleejtimes.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^"Live broadcast of Burj Khalifa New Year's Eve". gulfnews.com. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^"Emaar bags Guinness World Record title for largest light and sound show on a single building". 6 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^ ab"Live broadcast of Burj Khalifa New Year's Eve". www.emirates247.com. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^"Emaar's NYE spectacular was world's most-watched". 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^"Fireworks around the world light the night for New Year's Eve". www.news.com.au. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^"Dubai's New Year's Eve Burj Khalifa light show to run for months". 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^"Largest LED-illuminated façade – Guinness World Records". guinnessworldrecords.com. January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^"Tallest LED-illuminated façade – Guinness World Records". guinnessworldrecords.com. January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^"Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai bring in 2021 with a spectacular New Year's Eve celebration" (Press release). Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
^"Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai bring in 2021 with a spectacular New Year's Eve celebration". The Indian Sun. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021.
^Abbas, Waheed. "New Year 2022 in Dubai: Catch spectacular fireworks, laser show at Burj Khalifa". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
^Bednarz, Jan; Schmidt, Robin; Harvey, Andy; Le Gallou, Hervé (2008). "World record BASE jump". Current Edge. Current TV. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.Video documentary about the BASE jump from the Burj Dubai tower.
^Spender, Tom (24 November 2008). "Daredevils jumped off Burj Dubai undetected". The National. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^Highest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
^Mansfield, Roddy (8 January 2010). "Daredevils Jump Off World's Tallest Building". Sky News. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
^"Highest BASE jump from a building". Guinness World Records Limited. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^Sampiero, Josh (23 April 2014). "Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai". Red Bull. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^Burj Khalifa Pinnacle BASE Jump – 4K. YouTube. 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
^"'Spiderman' Alain Robert scales Burj Khalifa in Dubai". BBC. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^"CTBUH 9th Annual Awards, 2010". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
^"Burj Khalifa won Best Project of Year at Middle East Architect Awards 2010". Constructionweekonline.com. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
^"Burj Khalifa Becomes First Recipient of New Tall Building Global Icon Award". Civil + Structural Engineer. 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^"Burj Khalifa Project Awards". Skidmore, Owings & Merril LLP. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
^"Jmhdezhdez.com". Burj Khalifa Project Awards. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Burj Khalifa (category)
Official website
"The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2026. (597 KB) (Structure magazine, June 2006)
"The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower" (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 September 2017.cite web: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)
BBC reports: Burj Khalifa opening, with video and links; Maintaining the world's tallest building
Geographic data related to Burj Khalifa at OpenStreetMap
Records
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft)
World's tallest structure ever built on dry land
2008 – present
Incumbent
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft)
World's tallest structure on dry land
2008 – present
We booked this as a surprise for my son's birthday and we nailed it - he loved the thrill of the helicopter ride itself, but also the spectacular views from above. The pilot was very friendly and knowledgeable. We learned so much more about Abu Dhabi than we would have ever done from walking around - and the views from above of the Mosque and of the palaces are unmatched.It is MUST experience in Abu Dhabi.
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates
Helicopter Ride and Tours Dubai, Al Warsan Building - near Media Rotana, Ground Floor - Al Thanyah First - Barsha Heights - Dubai - United Arab Emirates